{"title":"Trends in <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Disease: Epidemiology and Intervention.","authors":"David J Riddle, Erik R Dubberke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridium difficile</i> is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. The incidence of <i>C difficile</i> infection (CDI) is increasing in both inpatients and outpatients, and outbreaks caused by a hypervirulent strain of <i>C difficile</i> are resulting in more severe disease. Moreover, community-associated CDI is occurring in persons who lack the traditional risk factors, which include antibiotic use, advanced age, and severe underlying disease. The clinical severity of CDI ranges from a mild, self-limited diarrheal illness to a fulminant, life-threatening colitis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is the most common laboratory method used for detection of <i>C difficile</i> toxins and can confirm the diagnosis within several hours. The choice of treatment should be based on disease severity. Oral metronidazole is generally regarded as the treatment of choice for mild to moderate CDI, while oral vancomycin is recommended for severe disease. Timely surgical intervention is important in patients who have severe complicated CDI.</p>","PeriodicalId":50364,"journal":{"name":"Infections in Medicine","volume":"26 7","pages":"211-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4165518/pdf/nihms464766.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32679633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis","authors":"J. Dumler, David H. Walker","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-06668-9.50058-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-06668-9.50058-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50364,"journal":{"name":"Infections in Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"564-573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78354967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical clues to diagnosis of anaerobic infections","authors":"I. Brook","doi":"10.3109/9780849382581.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/9780849382581.004","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis of anaerobic infections can be difficult, but it may be expedited by the recognition of certain clinical signs. Predisposing conditions and bacteriologic hints should alert the physician, who may apply diagnostic procedures to ascertain the nature of the pathogens and the extent of the infection. Almost all anaerobic infections originate from the patient's own microflora. Poor blood supply and tissue necrosis lower the oxidation-reduction potential and favor the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Any condition that lowers the blood supply to an affected area of the body can predispose to anaerobic infection. Therefore, trauma, foreign bodies, malignancy, surgery, edema, shock, colitis, and vascular disease may serve as predisposing factors. The source of bacteria involved in most anaerobic infections is the normal, indigenous flora. Anaerobic infections can themselves provide clues to the presence of an underlying medical problem.","PeriodicalId":50364,"journal":{"name":"Infections in Medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"616-621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74300803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pediatric infectious disease","authors":"S. Marcy, K. Zangwill","doi":"10.1001/jama.279.17.1408-jbk0506-5-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.17.1408-jbk0506-5-1","url":null,"abstract":"Because children may be unable or unwilling to describe their symptoms, a diagnosis must often be based on clinical signs and laboratory and imaging studies. We offer a number of pointers that can be helpful in avoiding misdiagnosis or in narrowing down the differential in common pediatric clinical scenarios that may involve infectious disease. For example, after a dog or cat bite, the timing of pain onset may point you toward identification of the infecting organism. We also try to dispel some commonly held but inaccurate beliefs; for example, that head lice or the mites that cause scabies are often passed via fomites.","PeriodicalId":50364,"journal":{"name":"Infections in Medicine","volume":"62 1","pages":"585-592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73358552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"West Nile virus infection in the United States: A review and update","authors":"D. Asnis","doi":"10.1097/00019048-200203000-00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00019048-200203000-00019","url":null,"abstract":"In August 1999, a cluster of patients were admitted to medical ICUs in New York City with fever, confusion, GI complaints, muscle weakness, and a presumed diagnosis of encephalitis. A cooperative investigation was conducted by the city and state departments of health along with the CDC and ultimately determined that West Nile virus (WNV) was the causative agent; interagency cooperation was key in identifying the outbreak. It was the first time that WNV was found in the Western Hemisphere. In the following 2 years, cases appeared in areas near New York and then in states up and down the East Coast. The epidemiology this year will depend on weather and other factors.","PeriodicalId":50364,"journal":{"name":"Infections in Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"266-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86087778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Central nervous system infections in cancer patients","authors":"D. Murray, N. Chitkara, K. Sepkowitz","doi":"10.3109/9781420020496-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/9781420020496-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50364,"journal":{"name":"Infections in Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89142348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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