SERIEsPub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1007/s13209-024-00299-1
Candan Erdemli, Judit Vall Castelló
{"title":"Gender differences in online education","authors":"Candan Erdemli, Judit Vall Castelló","doi":"10.1007/s13209-024-00299-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-024-00299-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Online learning resources have become extremely popular, particularly after the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 outbreak. In this paper, we use data for Spain at the individual level from an online math learning platform which is used by children from over 100 countries, to document the gender differences in the context of online learning. We quantify the gender gaps in effort and relative performance outcomes and analyze whether the gaps differ by the gender of the parent who mainly supervises the children. Our main results point toward significant gender gaps in the relative performance outcomes in favor of boys, while the evidence for the effort gender gaps is only significant when we compare the siblings of the opposite gender (controlling for parent fixed effects). Further, we find that living in municipalities with more egalitarian gender norms is associated with narrower or positive gender gaps in effort outcomes, while we do not find such differences in the relative performance outcomes. Taking into account the increase in the use of online learning tools and their progressive integration into the regular educational system, our results provide important information to minimize gender biases in these new settings.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":501523,"journal":{"name":"SERIEs","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SERIEsPub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1007/s13209-024-00300-x
Mihir Bhattacharya
{"title":"A citizen-candidate model of party formation","authors":"Mihir Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1007/s13209-024-00300-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-024-00300-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There are multiple models of party formation in the political economy literature. However, most of these works consider individuals as parties and do not model parties as a group of candidates. In this paper, we follow the latter approach and assume that parties form as a result of <i>mutually agreeable</i> links between candidates. We consider a citizen-candidate model of electoral competition where candidates decide whether they want to participate in election alone or offer <i>links</i> to <i>adjacently</i> placed candidates on a one-dimensional policy space. We characterize one-party and two-party equilibrium and show that no multi-party equilibrium exists with three or more parties. We provide conditions on the rents of winning with respect to the cost of participating in election which also depend on the number of candidates. We provide new insights which explain party formation from the perspective of group formation. Our results confirm the Duverger’s law and are consistent with empirical evidence on plurality voting systems.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":501523,"journal":{"name":"SERIEs","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SERIEsPub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1007/s13209-024-00297-3
Diego Fresoli
{"title":"Spanish GDP short-term point and density forecasting using a mixed-frequency dynamic factor model","authors":"Diego Fresoli","doi":"10.1007/s13209-024-00297-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-024-00297-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We have assessed the effect of data releases when constructing short-term point and density forecasts of the Spanish gross domestic product growth. For this purpose, we considered a real-forecasting exercise in which we defined several pseudo-data vintages that had a mixture of monthly and quarterly frequencies and were unbalanced towards the end of the sample. We implemented a mixed-frequency dynamic factor model to deal with data features and to produce gross domestic product forecasts. We evaluated the predictive content of data releases from point and density forecast perspectives, the latter aspect of the analysis being previously unexplored in the literature producing Spanish gross domestic product short-term forecasts. We observed significant improvements in point forecasts as information is released throughout the quarter, confirming existing results. Additionally, our findings indicated substantial enhancements in the accuracy of density forecasts as new data releases materialized.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":501523,"journal":{"name":"SERIEs","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SERIEsPub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1007/s13209-024-00296-4
{"title":"Learning loss one year after school closures: evidence from the Basque Country","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s13209-024-00296-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-024-00296-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>We use census data on external assessments in primary and secondary schools in the Basque Country (Spain) to estimate learning losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021, 1 year after school closures, which lasted from March to June 2020. Differences-in-differences with student and school-by-grade fixed effects show an average learning loss of 0.045 standard deviations, an effect that is smaller than short-run effects estimated by previous papers, and estimated after 6 months of one of the most successful school reopening campaigns among OECD countries. The effect is larger in Mathematics, moderate in Basque language, and none in Spanish language. Controlling for socioeconomic differences, learning losses are especially large in public schools, and also in private schools with a high percentage of low-performing students. On the other hand, we find a regression to the mean within schools, possibly due to a compressed curriculum during the whole period. Finally, and more importantly, we use unique novel data on student socio-emotional well-being and show for the first time that students with higher learning losses self-report significantly worse levels of socio-emotional well-being due to the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":501523,"journal":{"name":"SERIEs","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139980335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SERIEsPub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1007/s13209-023-00295-x
{"title":"Sequential licensing with several competing technologies","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s13209-023-00295-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-023-00295-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>We assume a multistage oligopoly wherein a given number of innovators compete by selling their substitutive technologies. Each innovator sequentially and independently chooses how many licenses to sell, and subsequently, all licensees compete à la Cournot in the product market. We show that, in equilibrium, the total number of licensees grows exponentially with the number of innovators. In addition, this sequential outcome is also obtained as a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in pure strategies of a game with endogenous timing. Interestingly, by extending the duopoly model of Badia et al. (Math Soc Sci 108:8–13, 2020) to the case of more than two innovators and exploring pure strategy equilibria instead of mixed strategy equilibria, we derive drastically different policy implications, in terms of patent regulations. Our results suggest that more competition in the upstream market (e.g., by relaxing patent protection against the appearance of similar technologies) tends to increase downstream competition and welfare instead of discouraging or delaying technology adoption. In addition, our analysis is extended to explore the strategic role of public investment in basic R &D.</p>","PeriodicalId":501523,"journal":{"name":"SERIEs","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139424092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SERIEsPub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.1007/s13209-023-00294-y
Elpiniki Bakaouka
{"title":"Horizontal licensing in vertically related markets","authors":"Elpiniki Bakaouka","doi":"10.1007/s13209-023-00294-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-023-00294-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We study the incentives of a downstream firm that sources its core input from a vertically integrated supplier to license its patented technology to an external firm. Licensing transforms the licensee into both a direct downstream competitor and a customer of the supplier. The vertically integrated supplier trades with his competitors/customers through a two-part tariff contract. We find that the incumbent opts for licensing when the supplier provides the input to both the licensor and the licensee. Although licensing intensifies downstream competition, the licensor benefits from the lower input cost and the supplier from the expansion of the market. Licensing incentives in a vertical market are weaker compared to a one-tier market. Moreover, licensing has a positive impact on both consumer and total welfare. Finally, licensing incentives and welfare enhancement continue to occur under a wider set of conditions such as different types of licensing contracts, input trading contracts and market structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":501523,"journal":{"name":"SERIEs","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139423835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SERIEsPub Date : 2023-11-29DOI: 10.1007/s13209-023-00291-1
Lucía Gorjón, David Martinez de Lafuente, Gonzalo Romero
{"title":"Employment effects of the minimum wage: evidence from the Spanish 2019 reform","authors":"Lucía Gorjón, David Martinez de Lafuente, Gonzalo Romero","doi":"10.1007/s13209-023-00291-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-023-00291-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine the employment effects of the 2019 minimum wage increase in Spain on individual probabilities of losing employment status (extensive margin) and lowering work intensity (intensive margin). To do so, we use variation of workers’ exposure to the reform by comparing monthly employment transitions into unemployment and reductions in number of working hours between employees earning less than the minimum wage (treatment group) and those earning more and that should therefore be unaffected by the reform (control group). We find that the new minimum wage significantly increased the probability of experiencing unemployment (1.7 percentage points) and a reduction in work intensity (0.9 percentage points) for treated workers after one year. Our results suggest substantial heterogeneity by age, prior work intensity, economic sector and geographical region of employees affected by the reform.</p>","PeriodicalId":501523,"journal":{"name":"SERIEs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138544340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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