The Psychological Record最新文献_第4页

The Shape of Relations to Come: Multidimensional Analyses of Complex Human Behavior 未来关系的形态：复杂人类行为的多维分析

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00575-9

Lee Mason, Alonzo Andrews, Maria Otero, Kimberly James-Kelly

{"title":"The Shape of Relations to Come: Multidimensional Analyses of Complex Human Behavior","authors":"Lee Mason, Alonzo Andrews, Maria Otero, Kimberly James-Kelly","doi":"10.1007/s40732-023-00575-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-023-00575-9","url":null,"abstract":"Science, understood to be the behavior of scientists, falls within the purview of behavior analysis. All scientists use scientific instruments to study a natural phenomenon, and for the behavior analyst, perhaps no tool is more important than the graph used to show changes in level, trend, and variability, and upon which behavior analysts make data-based decisions. Modern behaviorism as we know it dates back to the development of the cumulative recorder first developed in the 1930s. Though revolutionary to the science of behavior, two-dimensional graphs may be limited in application for analyzing complex human behavior. In the current article, we conceptualize verbal behavior as a multidimensional field of environmental relations, and introduce the use of multi-axial radar charts for its visual and quantitative analysis. From there, we survey the use of radar charts toward advancing a behavior-analytic understanding of human language and cognition. We demonstrate the use of radar charts for calculating simple shape descriptors as a quantitative measure of dynamic interactants, and show how they can be used to measure change over time.","PeriodicalId":501490,"journal":{"name":"The Psychological Record","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139415179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disequilibrium as Determinant of Reinforcement and Punishment Effects: A Replication 作为强化和惩罚效果决定因素的失衡：复制

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00576-8

Kenneth W. Jacobs, James E. King, Art Dowdy

{"title":"Disequilibrium as Determinant of Reinforcement and Punishment Effects: A Replication","authors":"Kenneth W. Jacobs, James E. King, Art Dowdy","doi":"10.1007/s40732-023-00576-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-023-00576-8","url":null,"abstract":"Response disequilibrium theory, an extension of the response deprivation hypothesis, proposes that behavior-change is due to disruptions in an organism's baseline levels of responding. This theory challenges the notion of distinct stimuli as reinforcers or punishers and instead emphasizes the role of instrumental and contingent activities. The present study aimed to test the predictions of response disequilibrium theory by replicating Heth and Warren’s, Animal Learning & Behavior, 6, 294–300, (1978) experiment using a modernized apparatus. Sixteen undergraduate psychology students participated in the experiment, which included a familiarization period, baseline periods, and a contingency period. During the contingency period, the instrumental activity was the activation of a video that resulted in a deficit or excess of audio relative to baseline. According to response disequilibrium theory, a deficit will produce a reinforcement effect whereas an excess will produce a punishment effect. The results supported the predictions of response disequilibrium theory, as instrumental video activity increased for participants in the deficit condition and decreased for participants in the excess condition. In addition, the study revealed a strong correlation between the size of disequilibrium and the magnitude of behavior change. These findings further support the use of disequilibrium models to a priori identify effective contingency arrangements in both research and practice. Informal applications of the Premack principle may be supplanted with the precision of a formal model of reinforcement and punishment in response disequilibrium theory.","PeriodicalId":501490,"journal":{"name":"The Psychological Record","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139052708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Irreversible Effect of Response Cost on Human Fixed-Interval Responding 反应成本对人类固定间隔反应的不可逆影响

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00574-w

Hiroto Okouchi

引用次数: 0

Meaningful Stimuli and Equivalence Classes: The Intersection of Hedonics, Connotative, Denotative, and Discriminative Functions 有意义的刺激和等价类：享乐功能、内涵功能、指称功能和辨别功能的交叉点

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00571-z

Lanny Fields, Erik Arntzen

{"title":"Meaningful Stimuli and Equivalence Classes: The Intersection of Hedonics, Connotative, Denotative, and Discriminative Functions","authors":"Lanny Fields, Erik Arntzen","doi":"10.1007/s40732-023-00571-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-023-00571-z","url":null,"abstract":"An equivalence class can contain nominally meaningless stimuli that become related to each other by training and testing. It can also contain at least one meaningful stimulus. The likelihood of equivalence class formation is enhanced by the inclusion of a meaningful stimulus as a class member. It is traditional for stimulus meaningfulness to be characterized by its hedonic, denotative, and connotative properties. Thus, class enhancement can be attributed to these properties. In addition, the hedonic and connotative properties of the meaningful class member generalize to the other class members and is determined by the nodal structure of the class. Apart from hedonic, denotative, and connotative content of a meaningful stimulus, that stimulus also generates responses that are respondent and vary in topography, or are operants that are under discriminative or conditionally discriminative control. When one of these functions is acquired by a meaningless stimulus and it is then included as a member of a to-be-formed equivalence class, its inclusion also enhances likelihood of class formation, sometimes to the same degree as the inclusion of a meaningful stimulus. Thus, class enhancement typically attributed to the hedonic and connotative properties of a meaningful stimulus can be accounted for by the stimulus control functions served by that stimulus instead of their hedonic and connotative properties. Finally, denotation is considered last in the relative absence of empirical findings. In total, then, this article explores meaning from traditional and behavior analytic perspectives.","PeriodicalId":501490,"journal":{"name":"The Psychological Record","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138741370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

To Dismantle or Not to Dismantle: Components of Derived Relational Responding 拆还是不拆？派生关系反应的组成部分

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00573-x

引用次数: 0

Effect of Density of Tests Interposed in Equivalence-Based Instruction on Speech Accuracy in Picture Naming 对等教学中插入测试密度对图片命名语音准确率的影响

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00570-0

Laila Guzzon Hussein, Leandra Tabanez do Nascimento Silva, Maria Stella Coutinho Alcantara Gil, Ana Cláudia Moreira Almeida-Verdu

{"title":"Effect of Density of Tests Interposed in Equivalence-Based Instruction on Speech Accuracy in Picture Naming","authors":"Laila Guzzon Hussein, Leandra Tabanez do Nascimento Silva, Maria Stella Coutinho Alcantara Gil, Ana Cláudia Moreira Almeida-Verdu","doi":"10.1007/s40732-023-00570-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-023-00570-0","url":null,"abstract":"Children who are deaf and hard of hearing and received cochlear implants when exposed to equivalence-based instruction (EBI) exhibit improvements in speech accuracy in picture naming. The density of tests can be a variable. The present study investigated whether interspersing picture naming and reading tests between steps of an instructional curriculum (i.e., EBI) affects speech accuracy in naming tasks in two 7-year-old girls who were deaf and hard of hearing and had cochlear implants in the process of literacy. The children (Ran and Bia) were exposed to a computer-assisted curriculum that sought to teach reading. The curriculum was divided into four units and 17 teaching steps. Picture naming and reading tests were included between teaching steps in two of the four teaching units that were counterbalanced between participants. After teaching, speech accuracy in naming increased 47 percentage points for Ran and 14 percentage points for Bia. A unit-by-unit analysis showed that vocalizations tended to be more accurate in units where probe density was greater.","PeriodicalId":501490,"journal":{"name":"The Psychological Record","volume":"2012 342","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Joseph J. Pear (1938-2022): Inventive, Innovative, Inquisitive 约瑟夫·j·皮尔(1938-2022):善于发明、创新、好奇

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00569-7

Darlene E. Crone-Todd, Francisco J. Silva

引用次数: 0

Assessing Psychological Flexibility in Chronic Illness 评估慢性疾病的心理灵活性

The Psychological Record Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00572-y

Ian Tyndall, Paula Vagos, Soraia Cano, Helena Pinto, Inês A. Trindade

{"title":"Assessing Psychological Flexibility in Chronic Illness","authors":"Ian Tyndall, Paula Vagos, Soraia Cano, Helena Pinto, Inês A. Trindade","doi":"10.1007/s40732-023-00572-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-023-00572-y","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The present study aimed at assessing psychological flexibility, the core construct of the acceptance and commitment therapy model, in the context of chronic illness. In particular, the present study aimed at validating the 18-item Portuguese CompACT measure of psychological flexibility in a chronic illness sample (total n = 419; 83.8% women; 16.2% men) collected via online survey. Method: In particular, we studied the internal structure of the scale employing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), gender-based invariance, and associations with conceptually relevant constructs (shame, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia severity, and self-compassion). Results: All items from the Openness to Experience subscale were removed due to low loading values on the EFA. The CFA confirmed the adequacy of an 8-item Portuguese CompACT with two subscales, Behavioral Awareness (α = .87) and Valued Action (α = .86). Both subscales correlated negatively with shame, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and insomnia severity. The Valued Action subscale additionally correlated positively with self-compassion. Conclusion: An 8-item version of the Portuguese CompACT, with two subscales, seems to be well-suited for application for clinicians with clients with chronic illness.","PeriodicalId":501490,"journal":{"name":"The Psychological Record","volume":"75 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0