Počvy i okružaûŝaâ sreda最新文献

{"title":"Basic techniques of mound construction of the Yamnaya culture in the Southern Urals","authors":"O. S. Khokhlova, A. E. Sverchkova, N. L. Morgunova, A. A. Faizullin, T. N. Myakshina","doi":"10.31251/pos.v6i2.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31251/pos.v6i2.213","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study. To determine the material and basic techniques for constructing burial mounds (kurgans) of the Yamnaya culture of the Bronze Age in the Southern Urals based on a comprehensive analysis with an emphasis on meso- and micromorphological analysis. Location and time of the study. The research objects are located in the Orenburg region within the East European Plain. Security excavations were carried out in 2019-2022 at three burial mounds located in the Tashlinsky (mound burial grounds Boldyrevo IV and Tashla IV) and Grachevsky districts (kurgan burial ground Kalikino II) of the Orenburg region. Mound 1 in the Boldyrevo IV burial mound, due to its significant size of 4.2 m in height and 60 m in diameter was chosen as a key object for which a full survey was carried out. Additionally, the smaller in size mounds of the 1st burial mound Tashla IV, as well as 1, 4 and 5 of the Kalikino II burial mound were studied. Methods. To determine the source of building materials and the basic techniques of soil and ground subsoil substrates for mound construction, a comprehensive analysis was carried out with an emphasis on macro-, meso- and micromorphological properties of the substrates. For the analytical study, which was carried out only for the Boldyrevo IV mound 1, total carbon content, organic and inorganic (carbonates) carbon content, loss on ignition, particle size distribution, magnetic susceptibility and pH were determinied. Results. The structure and materials of five burial mounds of the Yamnaya culture of the Bronze Age (5500 - 4300 years ago) were studied. The kurgans were proven to have been built from the local soils with the addition of anthropogenic material (silt, bones, shells). Representatives of the Yamnaya culture created variegated flowers using the construction techniques such as kneading, ramming, and the inclusion of anthropogenic material. At the micromorphological level, these techniques produces patterns of light loose and more compacted dark microzones in construction materials. Conclusions. Based on meso- and micromorphological analysis of the studied mound structures, we conclude that the representatives of the Yamnaya culture had knowledge of construction technologies and used them appropriately. The main method of mound constructing was creating a variegated mixed soil from humus or carbonate horizons with admixtures of anthropogenic and carbonate material. When building small mounds, people used rough kneading and tamping, but for larger mounds, either more complex construction was used, or more thorough kneading and tamping, as well as longer exposure to water.","PeriodicalId":493819,"journal":{"name":"Počvy i okružaûŝaâ sreda","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136304621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abandoned lands in Russia: distribution, agroecological status and perspective use (a review)","authors":"T.V. Nechaeva","doi":"10.31251/pos.v6i2.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31251/pos.v6i2.215","url":null,"abstract":"According to some estimations, over the 20th century (1897–2007) about 70 million hectares of agricultural land were abandoned in Russia. Part of this land became occupied by growing cities, industry and infrastructure. However, the major part, estimated as from 30–45 to more 60 million hectares, became truly abandoned, undergoing the natural processes of postagrogenic ecosystem restoration. Official recording of spontaneously abandoned areas during the country’s crisis of the 1990s was never conducted. Therefore, currently it is difficult to estimate objectively the area occupied by abandoned lands and their soil and agroecological potential. The aim of the work was to characterize the abandoned lands in Russia by reviewing published reports, as well as the author’s own data, taking into account the spread of such lands and the agroecological condition, discussing the reasons for arable land abandonment and drawing the putative directions of their rational use. The article contains a table listing published (2006–2023) reports of soil and vegetation studies during postagrogenic successions on the abandoned lands in Russia. Many researchers emphasize that to make a decision about ploughing once again abandoned lands, soil and vegetation at each site should be examined, and financial and other expenditures assessed. The mosaic of abandoned lands throughout the huge country may result in high probability of the degraded soil underlying such lands, which makes re-using such lands for ploughing and cropping not rational and can even be harmful due to facilitating various kinds of degradation. Abandoned lands can be relatively safely used for haying and grazing (fodder); for forestry with diverse resources and respective activities provided by the forest ecosystems, such as wood cutting, hunting, collecting berries, mushrooms and medicinal plants, and thus substituting the potential crop yields; for recreation or preserving the biosphere resources; for sequestration of greenhouse gases (so called Kyoto plantations) and for rural tourism. Thus, it is urgent to seek solutions differentiated in accordance with soil and vegetation status of abandoned lands, as well as with other natural and socio-economic factors. Generalizing the information about the distribution and agroecological condition of the abandoned land in Russia enables researchers, land users and a broad range of specialists in natural resources assessment and preservation to forecast processes, occurring in soils and vegetation during postagrogenic successions and hence to make more scientifically and rationally justified decisions about the use of abandoned lands.","PeriodicalId":493819,"journal":{"name":"Počvy i okružaûŝaâ sreda","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134980762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of net primary production changes in eurasian steppes","authors":"A.A. Titlyanova, S.V. Shibareva, Z.V. Varakina","doi":"10.31251/pos.v6i2.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31251/pos.v6i2.210","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study. The aim of the study was to analyze changes in the above-ground (ANP), below-ground (BNP) and total net primary production (NPP), expressed in dry matter, in meadow, true and dry steppes along the latitudinal (from 56o to 43o N) and longitudinal (from 36o to 116o E) gradients. Methodology. Production characteristics of 32 steppes (9 meadow, 14 true and 9 dry steppes), obtained by the same method of minimal estimate, were analyzed. Main results. The ANP value in meadow steppes decreases from 10,2 to 3,1 t/ha per year, in true steppes from 6,7 to 0,7 t/ha per year and in dry steppes from 3,7 to 0,6 t/ha per year. The value of BNP in meadow steppes varies from 26,8 to 10,1 t/ha per year; in true steppes - from 25.7 to 7.7 t/ha per year; and in dry steppes - from 24,8 to 4,9 t/ha per year. The BNP changes from West to East were found not to follow the ANP changes: a decrease in ANP may be accompanied by an increase in BNP. According to the ANP estimates the analyzed steppes can be grouped as following: 1) ANP from 10 to 5; 2) ANP from 5 to 3; 3) ANP from 3 to 1; 4) ANP less than 1 t/ha per year. The first group is located between 56o and 51o NL and includes six meadow steppes and one true steppe. The second group includes all three types of steppes (three meadow, six true and one dry steppe) between 56o and 50o N. The third group of steppes, between 54° and 43° NL, consists of six true and seven dry steppes. At 50°N one true and one dry steppes are located with the smallest ANP. The first and the second groups are located in the same territory (from 56o to 50o N) and include both meadow and true steppes. About 70% of the meadow and half of the true steppes are characterized by the ANP ranging from 6.7 to 3.1 t/ha per year. In the northern part of the explored zone there are highly productive meadow steppes, whereas in its southern part there are true steppes with both high and low production. The third group of steppes, with production from 3 to 1 t/ha per year, includes seven low-productive true and eight dry steppes. The average ANP of true and dry steppes of this group are similar (2,2 t/ha per year). Consequently, the area from 54° to 43°N can be considered as a zone of dry steppes. Conclusion. There are no separate zones of meadow and real steppes, but there is a steppe zone that includes meadow and true steppes. The proposed division of the steppes and their zoning is made on the basis of ANP, which is the most important characteristic of any ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":493819,"journal":{"name":"Počvy i okružaûŝaâ sreda","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humus profile specificity of chernozems of the Ob river left bank within the Priob Plateau","authors":"E.G. Zakharova, M.I. Dergacheva, E.V. Kallas, N.L. Bazhina","doi":"10.31251/pos.v6i2.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31251/pos.v6i2.214","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of the study: to identify the features of chernozem humus profiles of the river Ob left bank within the Priob plateau (south of West Siberia) and the reasons that determined their diversity. Place and time. The south of West Siberia (Topchikhinsky district of the Altai Territory), the north-eastern part of the Priobsky plateau, the steppe zone of the Pre-Altai province of the Kulundinsky-Aleysky district, the key site \"Volodarka\" on the eastern edge of the Porozikhinsky-Aleysky ridge (52°41-42' N and 83°38'E). Sampling was carried out annually in August. Methodology. The collection and interpretation of materials are based on the principles and rules of the systems approach and soil ecology. The objects of study were southern and ordinary chernozems confined to different parts of the Volodarka key site (according to the soil classification of 1977; these classification names of soils are used in the text; according to the new Classification of Russian Soils (2004), the soils belong to the subtype of migratory-mycelial and textural-carbonate; according to WRB-2015 they are in the reference soil group Chernozems with the qualifiers calcic and siltic). The characteristics of humus profiles were obtained using traditional methods. All methods of analytical and instrumental study of humus and its individual components were identical. Methodological features of the research include detailed sampling (every 5–10 cm or less within the visual boundaries of the horizons) in late summer and the absence of strict methods for purifying preparations from mineral impurities. In this work, the concepts of “humus” and “system of humus substances” in soils are used as synonyms. Main results. The humus profiles of the chernozems of the studied territory, currently functioning under the same conditions, have a significant variation in characteristics, representing a range of options typical for such soils (when, based on the combination of characteristics of elementary humus-forming processes - EHP - the upper part with the humification-transformation type of their structure and the lower one - with a transformation-migration type of combination of EHP), to varying degrees of structural complexity (when several parts are distinguished with different quantitative ratios of humus substances parameters with the predominance of their self-healing processes against the background of other EHP). The main characteristics of the studied buried paleosols lie within the limits peculiar to soils formed in temperature conditions optimal for humus formation, but different moisture conditions. Conclusion. A significant difference in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of chernozem humus profiles of the Ob river left bank within the Priob Plateau is due to both the complex history of the territory development, and different levels of self-healing capabilities of the natural open self-regulating humus substance system, depending on environmental conditions duri","PeriodicalId":493819,"journal":{"name":"Počvy i okružaûŝaâ sreda","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136201831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioecosystem succession as a chrono-chorological phenomenon","authors":"V.G. Mordkovich","doi":"10.31251/pos.v6i3.216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31251/pos.v6i3.216","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses some aspects of succession theory that have been unfairly left in the shadow of the “monumental foundations” laid by the classics of phytocoenology. Recently microbiologists, zoologists and soil scientists display increased interest in successions, resulting in changes and amendments of some original concepts. Taking soil invertebrates as an example, the author shows that, rather than being spontaneous changes of biota in time, successions are regulated mechanisms of regeneration and ordering of disturbed bioecosystems in accordance with the standards of respective geobiomes. Successions are not solely chronological, but chrono-chorological mechanisms of bioecosystems’ self-organization, governed by both biotic and abiotic factors. Among the latter topo-catenas of habitats, located as a chain along the mesorelief profile, are of crucial importance. Such catenas play the key role in the content and identification of cenotic strategies and adaptive tactics of biota, as well as in consolidating heterochronic communities of different catenary positions into intercalary meta-successions. Succession and evolution, despite repeated attempts to analogize these processes, are semantically incompatible. The aim of the evolution is to increase biodiversity by adding novel elements, which leads to unpredictable results. Successions aim at preserving the accumulated positive ecological experience, resisting the evolutionary novelties.","PeriodicalId":493819,"journal":{"name":"Počvy i okružaûŝaâ sreda","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135312952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}