SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Hippocrate’s Contribution Exploring the Tashrih-Al-Nizam-E-Baul (Anatomy of Urinary System): A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Rukhsar Hashim, Mohd. Abu Bakr Qadri, Abdul Malik, N. A. Ansari, Md. Imran Khan","doi":"10.36346/sarjap.2024.v05i02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2024.v05i02.003","url":null,"abstract":"Hippocrates' early contributions to the understanding of urinary physiology continue to inform contemporary research and medical practice, emphasizing the enduring relevance of his observations in the history of anatomical studies. Hippocrates significantly contributed to understanding the kidneys and urinary system, including the urethra. Furthermore, he recognized the tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder and the bladder's role in storing and expelling urine. However, his knowledge of blood vessels and the urethra remains limited. Hippocrates, a key figure in the development of clinical nephrology, outlined four renal diseases, including kidney colic, renal tuberculosis, renal vein thrombosis, bilateral papillary necrosis, and chronic suppurative renal infection. In addition, he also described bladder stones, urinary conditions like painful, difficult urination, incontinence, urinary retention, renal colic, and renal tuberculosis. Treatment for urinary disorders included warm applications, baths, plant-derived diuretics, diet, and incision over the kidneys. Urine symptoms included bubbles on the surface, colorless urine, and sudden increases of blood in urine. The Corpus Hippocraticum, a study of the urinary tract, has significantly contributed to urology, particularly in uroscopy and renal stone formation. The study of the urinary tract provides valuable insights into anatomy, physiology, etiology, and treatment of urological diseases. Hippocrates introduced the concept of high-risk operations, advising specialists to perform them and avoiding untrained healers. He differentiated between upper and lower urinary tract infections, identifying blood clots in urine as kidney discharge and bladder infections as bladder stones. This article highlights the fundamental contributions of Hippocrates to the field of nephrology and to the understanding of renal anatomy and shows how his teachings influenced later medical practices and advances in the understanding of renal function and pathology. This review aims to uncover the significance they hold in the historical literature, showcasing the historical impact of his pioneering work on the Tashrih-al-Nizam-e-Baul (Anatomy of Urinary System).","PeriodicalId":485180,"journal":{"name":"SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology","volume":"106 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological Study of Kidney and Liver of Rats after Induction of Poisoning by Nitrate","authors":"Heba Saleh Shaheed","doi":"10.36346/sarjap.2024.v05i02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2024.v05i02.002","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nitrate as a calcium appearance on the hepatic and renal histology. Iraqi fertilizer firm in supplied the calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was used in this study. Twenty-four male albino wistar rats weighing 220 ± 25 g were kept under conditions of natural photoperiod, humidity 50±10%, and temperature 25±2° C. These were divided into 3 groups: G1 control group, G2 received 200 mg/kg, G3 received 400 mg/kg. Rats were administered calcium nitrates orally for thirty days after the salts were dissolved in mineral water. Animals were then sacrificed by being beheaded in the neck region. Organs such as the kidneys and liver were taken for histological analysis. Liver and kidney samples were taken from rats that were given varying amounts of calcium nitrate for a duration of 30 days. The liver sections showed regular histological architecture with hexagonal lobules and visible capillary sinusoids. The livers of the 200 mg/kg group showed mild histological damage, while the 400 mg/kg doses showed significant vascular dilatation, congestion, hepatocyte degeneration, bleeding, and lipid vacuolation. The kidneys showed severe histopathological changes, including glomerular atrophy, intra-glomerular hemorrhage, and vascular congestion, compared to the G2 which showed mild renal lesions. In conclusion, nitrate induced significant alterations in the kidneys and liver architecture that were dose-dependent. Finally, greater dosages of calcium nitrate used excessively might be harmful to humans and other mammals.","PeriodicalId":485180,"journal":{"name":"SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Physiological Study of Pancreas in Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia Decaocto) and Buzzard (Beuteo Beuteo Vulpinus)","authors":"Ranin Saffaa Hamad, Ekhlas Abid Hamza","doi":"10.36346/sarjap.2024.v05i02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2024.v05i02.001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Domestic dove, often known as city dove or rock dove, is a subspecies of the rock dove. Domesticated birds began with dove. The massive buzzard (Buteo buteo) inhabits in many ecosystems across the globe. The Accipitridae family and Buteo genus include it. Buzzards hunt and eat alone, however they may gather in flocks during migration or when food is plentiful. Aim to study: The aim of this research to comparative physiological study of pancreas in collared dove (Sterptopelia decaota) and Buzzard (beuteo vulpinus). Methods: This research employed 10 healthy adult Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and buzzard (Beuteo beuteo vulpinus) per feeding method. Babylonian tradesmen traded birds. These birds of each species for used on the physiological studies. Results: Mean insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin levels in Buzzard and Dove were compared, and the findings indicated a substantial difference. Buzzard had a higher mean insulin level difference (603.59 ± 25.0) than Dove (414.73 ± 29.2). However, buzzard had a higher mean difference in glucagon levels (373.80 ± 16.3) compared to Dove (303.65 ± 32.3). Additionally, Buzzard had a higher mean difference in somatostatin levels (454.89 ± 24.1) compared to Dove (368.80 ± 28.6). Conclusion: The results showed that insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were all significantly different from one another.","PeriodicalId":485180,"journal":{"name":"SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology","volume":"90 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141016112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis by Indole-3-Carbinol to Ameliorate Doxorubicin- Induced Cardiotoxicity in Mice","authors":"Almohktar A. Adwas, Imran M. S. Almgatif, Azab Elsayed Azab","doi":"10.36346/sarjap.2023.v04i03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2023.v04i03.002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antineoplastic agent of the anthracycline group. However, as with most anticancer drugs, they cause some toxic effects, including major cardiotoxicity. Oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis contribute to the pathological basis of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Indole-3-carbinol is a cruciferous-derived phytochemical, with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Purpose: Our present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of I3C against DOX- induced cardiotoxicity in mice by Targeting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. Methods: BALB/c mice were subjected to DOX (4 mg/kg/day, i.p.) once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) to generate DOX- induced cardiotoxicity. Indole-3-carbinol was administered daily orally in the diet at two dose levels; 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm for 7 days before and 42 days after first injection of DOX. Serum creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and troponin I (cTn-I) levels activities, which are cardiac function markers were determined. Also, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) was assessed and enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed in the heart tissues to determine the protective effect of Indole-3-carbinol against oxidative stress. To determine the anti-inflammatory effect, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed in the heart tissues. Parts of the heart were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: Indole-3-carbinol in a dose‐dependent manner was found to have the ability to mitigate the harmful effects of DOX on myocardial muscles with significant decrease in serum levels of CK-MB, LDH and cTn-I. In addition, Indole-3-carbinol significantly inhibited DOX-induced cardiac oxidative stress as seen in the reduced level of MDA and increased SOD, CAT, GR and GPx cardiac tissue levels; Indole-3-carbinol significantly reduced inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-6 levels and inhibited cardiac apoptosis by modulating Caspase 3 cardiac tissue levels. Moreover, Indole-3-carbinol, in a dose‐dependent manner, had the ability to combat the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes induced by doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that administration of I3C in a dose dependent manner prevents heart injury induced by DOX via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities.","PeriodicalId":485180,"journal":{"name":"SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135303372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic Fields: Insight into Sources, and Their Effects on Vital Organs and the Risk of Cancer","authors":"Abdurazag Mohamed Khalat, Rabia A M Yahya, Azab Elsayed Azab","doi":"10.36346/sarjap.2023.v04i03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2023.v04i03.001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Electromagnetic radiation has become an extensive new pollution source in modern civilization. Therefore, the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation have attracted considerable attention worldwide. Objectives: The current review was aimed to highlight on sources of electromagnetic fields and their effects on vital organs and the risk of cancer. Electromagnetic sources can be classified into natural electromagnetic sources (sun, some distant stars, atmospheric discharges like thunder, or human body) and unnatural or human made sources (printers, vacuum cleaners, cellular phones, hair dryers, refrigerators, washing machines, kettles microwaves, cables that carry electrical currents, television and computers, electrical home gadgets, radio and television base stations, mobile phone base stations and phone equipment), home wiring airport, and transformers. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz, that are divided into extremely low frequencies (ELFs; 3–3,000 Hz), involving high-voltage transmission lines and in-house wiring; and radiofrequencies (RFs; 30 kHz to 300 GHz), involving mobile phones, smart devices, base stations, WiFi, and 5G technologies. Cell phone technology is an integral part of everyday life and its use is not only restricted to voice conversations but also conveying news, high-resolution pictures, and the internet. Exposure to electromagnetic fields might produce oxidative stress, sperm damage, DNA damage, changes in the chromatin conformation, formation of micronucleus in different cell types, gene expression, enzyme activity, and changes in the structure and function of cell membrane, stimulated an increase in apoptosis and biosynthesis of plasma metallothionein and corticosterone. It causes headaches, chronic fatigue, heart problems, stress, nausea, chest pain, gastrointestinal issues, pain in the muscles and joints, sweating, neurocognitive disturbances, eye burning, nose, ear, and throat issues, bad effects on reproductive, central nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Also, it increases anxiety-related behavior; spatial memory, and learning deficits in male mice offspring, decreased thermal pain perception, induced a sleep disturbance, latency, and day dysfunction especially in females, a change in memory performance, damage to the lens epithelial cells of rabbits after 8 hours of exposure to microwave radiation, produced lens opacity in rats, which is linked to the production of cataracts, and derangement of chicken embryo retinal differentiation. There are a relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields and the increased incidence of the occurrence of some tumors types, particularly brain cancer and leukemia. EMFs induce damage of tissues by increasing free radicals and changing the antioxidant defense systems of tissues, eventually leading to oxidative stress which leads to behavioral, histopathological and biochemical alterations. Exposure ","PeriodicalId":485180,"journal":{"name":"SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135786204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}