Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research最新文献

{"title":"Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of the Enantiomers of Nicotine and Related Alkaloids Employing Chiral Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Commercial Nicotine Samples and in E-Cigarette Products","authors":"T.A. Perfetti, M. Ashraf-Khorassani, W.M. Coleman, M.F. Dube","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Several commercial sources of tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) and synthetic nicotine (SyN) and a variety of e-cigarette liquids employing either TDN or SyN have been evaluated to determine the enantiomer distributions of R- and S-nicotine and R- and S-nornicotine by chiral supercritical fluid chromatography (chiral-SFC) with UV diode array detection (DAD-UV). The data generated are used to test the mismatched vs . matched hypothesis of C heetham et al. as a means to distinguish products containing TDN from products with SyN. Two sets of experiments were conducted in this study. The first experiment was conducted on a series of 11 commercial nicotine samples (three characterized as tobacco-derived and eight characterized as synthetic nicotine). The commercial nicotine samples were either from a tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) source or were synthetic nicotine (SyN). Some of the commercial nicotine samples were nicotine salts. The second experiment was conducted on e-liquids from a set of 11 e-cigarettes. The nicotine in the e-liquids was either from TDN or SyN. The e-liquid samples were differentiated based on the advertised information on the internet or from printed information on the e-cigarette packaging. None of the three commercial TDN samples in the first experiment could be unequivocally characterized as coming from a tobacco source. Five of the eight commercial SyN samples were correctly characterized as SyN based on the matched vs . mismatched nicotine and nornicotine hypothesis of C heetham et al. In the second experiment, none of the e-liquids characterized as being from TDN sources could be unequivocally characterized as coming from a tobacco source. All of the e-liquids characterized as being from SyN sources were either characterized as equivocal or of uncertain origin based on the matched vs . mismatched nicotine and nornicotine hypothesis of C heetham et al. These sets of experiments represent an excellent example of the difficulty that the United States Food and Drug Administration is having in trying to determine if TDN or SyN is being used in tobacco products. Even highly advanced chromatographic methods such as chiral-SFC were not able to unequivocally distinguish products with TDN from products with SyN 100% of the time. Other analytical methods such as 14 C quantitation of nicotine samples by accelerator mass spectrometry offer a more reliable determinate of nicotine source (TDN vs . SyN) and can be used to identify misbranded products labelled as containing SyN, even though this methodology is more expensive and offered in limited locations.","PeriodicalId":484972,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey on Prevalence and Behaviour of Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Tobacco Users in China","authors":"Yaning Fu, Huan Chen, Saijing Zheng, Sen Zhang, Yichun Zhang, Daiwei Yan, Hongjuan Wang, Shulei Han, Yushan Tian, Yingyan Li, Guoyu Li, Tong Liu, Huimin Zhao, Yue Su, Hongwei Hou, Qingyuan Hu","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Increasing tobacco control and public health awareness have increased smokers’ attempts to quit smoking. However, some smokers also seek alternative products claimed to pose less risks. The use of smokeless tobacco (ST) products may thus increase in some countries which are not traditionally ST markets. To provide a cross-sectional picture on ST usage in China, a survey was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020 in representative metropolitan cities (divided into three tiers by their populations and gross domestic product (GDP) sizes), from which 3,000 tobacco users and 801 ST users were randomly recruited to provide a snapshot of ST usage behaviour and other pertinent factors for Chinese tobacco users. The study included questionnaires designed to probe potential reasons behind ST use, usage habits, and nicotine dependence attributes. These questions were devised to cover the type of tobacco products used, users’ age, gender, city of residence, residence time, household monthly income, etc., and was supported by some verification questions. Mann-Whitney-analysis was used for significance analysis between different groups. The results showed that ST prevalence for Chinese tobacco users was around 2.1%. The proportion of exclusively ST use was about 8.99%, and the mean conversion time to habitual ST use was about three months. Demographic information such as the city tiers where ST users lived, their age, gender, educational and income levels appeared to correlate with ST use habits although more studies are needed to verify the observations. The fact that a small but measurable population of Chinese ST users exists has important implications for tobacco control. This study provides the first large-scale, single-time-point survey on Chinese ST user profiles, which may help the future research on tobacco control policy regarding ST products in China.","PeriodicalId":484972,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135811983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Varying Tobacco Rod Circumference on Cigarette's Dynamic Ventilation Rate and Combustion State During Machine Smoking","authors":"Qi Zhang, Wenkang Zhao, Nan Deng, Qiaoling Li, Guoxin Qin, Lili Fu, Yi Zhang, Ke Zhang, Hongxiao Yu, Chuan Liu, Weiguo Suo, Lianlian Wu, Lu Dai, Le Wang, Bing Wang, Bin Li","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Cigarette ventilation characteristics are one of the important design factors that affect the combustion state and therefore smoke release. In order to study the changes of ventilation characteristics and the combustion state of cigarettes with different rod circumferences during smoking, a device was designed that could flexibly measure the different ventilation characteristics along the cigarette rod. The device was utilized to measure the changes of the total ventilation rate and filter ventilation rate of cigarettes with different rod circumference in both burned and unburned conditions. At the same time, a test method was implemented to measure the temperature of the combustion coal puff-by-puff during the smoking process. The relationship between ventilation and the combustion state was analyzed on a per-puff basis. The results show that with the decrease of the rod circumference from 24 mm to 20 mm and 17 mm, the total ventilation rate under burning conditions changed considerably compared with unburned conditions, increasing by 55.7%, 60.5% and 74.5% on average, respectively. The ventilation of the cigarette paper played a major role in regulating the ventilation during puffing. With the increase from 17 mm to 24 mm in circumference, the combustion efficiency of the tobacco decreased as indicated by a range of thermophysical parameters of the burning coal.","PeriodicalId":484972,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135811982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editors’ Note","authors":"Wolf-Dieter Heller, Gerhard Scherer","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":484972,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Particle Size Distribution and Vapor Phase of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Using Two Impactors","authors":"Michael J. Oldham, Lena Jeong, Adam Ozvald, I. Gene Gillman","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) contain numerous volatile aerosol constituents (e.g., nicotine, propylene glycol, flavors, etc.). Past work clearly indicates the temporal and chemical dynamics of ENDS aerosol requires consideration of these volatile constituents when measuring the particle size distribution. An MSP-135-8 Mini MOUDI™ and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI ® +) were used to measure the particle size distribution of two JUUL ENDS products. Volatile chemicals were measured from each cascade impactor's exhaust airflow to assess their effect on collection efficiency. Similar mass median aerodynamic diameters were obtained for both ENDS products by both cascade impactors, however the geometric standard deviation from the ELPI ® + measurements were larger for both products than measurements using the Mini MOUDI™ impactor. Although the measured mass of volatile chemicals was greater in the exhaust from the Mini MOUDI™ impactor, a greater variety of volatile chemicals were found within the exhaust of the ELPI ® +. The greater variety of volatile chemicals correlated with more room air sampling by the ELPI ® +. The reduced amount of volatile chemicals measured in the exhaust of the ELPI ® + may be due to their collection by the vacuum oil used in the sintered collection plates of the ELPI ® +. Accounting for the measured volatile chemicals improved the recovery efficiency of the Mini MOUDI™ impactor by 2.9–7.5% with the average recovery efficiency exceeding 82% for the two JUUL ENDS Products. In comparison, accounting for the measured volatile constituents increased the recovery efficiency of the ELPI ® + impactor by 0.4% or less, which did not narrow the recovery efficiency range, that based upon the estimated dilution, consistently exceeded the measured mass loss from both JUUL ENDS products.","PeriodicalId":484972,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135812159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and Quantitation of Nicotine Polacrilex in Nicotine Pouches and Other Oral Nicotine Delivery Products","authors":"Serban C. Moldoveanu","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Nicotine polacrilex (CAS-No. 96055-45-7) can be used as the source of nicotine in nicotine pouches and other oral nicotine delivery products such as lozenges, tablets, and gums. The compound is the salt of nicotine with Amberlite IRP64, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and divinylbenzene. Present study describes a unique procedure to identify the presence of the compound nicotine polacrilex in oral nicotine delivery products and to evaluate its level. In oral nicotine delivery products, nicotine polacrilex is used in a mixture with other ingredients such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), maltitol, sweeteners, flavors, salts (such as Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 ), water, etc. These ingredients make the analysis of the compound nicotine polacrilex by spectroscopic techniques such as IR or Raman difficult. Also, since nicotine polacrilex is insoluble in common solvents, the analysis using solutions is not possible. The study is also attempting to detect if the product contains only nicotine polacrilex or if it has additional nicotine in a different form (e.g., nicotine or nicotine tartrate). The analysis uses pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) and the detection and quantitation of nicotine polacrilex is based on measuring the pyrolysis products of divinylbenzene (DVB) moiety from the Amberlite IRP64. The detection was proven very reliable by this procedure, while the quantitation showed some variability caused by the typical variability in the pyrolysis process. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 32 (2023) 43–49]","PeriodicalId":484972,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135338265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}