International journal of KIU最新文献

{"title":"Families’ Perceptions of Support from ICU Nurses in Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya, Sri Lanka","authors":"M.G.T. Dilhani, A.W.A. Premathilaka, K.J.P. Piumali, A.A.C.D. Athukoorala, W.I.C. De Silva, K.H.A.Y. Kariyawasam, A.C.H. Perera, M. Nisansala, A.A.T.D. Amarasekara","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2024051051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2024051051","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The admission of a loved one to the Intensive Care Unit\u0000(ICU) is a stressful experience for the family. In this situation, the needs of\u0000family members are often overlooked by nurses focusing on the immediate\u0000needs of critically ill patients. Family-centered care provided by the nurses\u0000can be measured through the family members’ cognitive and emotional perception\u0000of the support provided by the nurses.\u0000\u0000Objective: To determine the families’ perception of the support given by\u0000ICU nurses in the Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya, Sri Lanka.\u0000\u0000Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among\u0000104 family members of patients who were treated in eight ICUs in the\u0000Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya using a consecutive sampling method. A\u0000self-administered questionnaire consisting of demographic information and\u0000Ice land-family perceived support scale (ICE-FPSQ) was used to collect\u0000data. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and\u0000percentages through SPSS Version 25. Mean scores were calculated for the\u0000cognitive and emotional support subscales. Ethical approval was obtained\u0000from the Ethics Review Committee of KIU (KIU/ERC/21/194).\u0000\u0000Results: The mean age of the participants was 38±7 years. Most of the participants\u0000were Sinhalese (92.3%, n=96) and 35-54 years (61.5%, n=64).\u0000Nearly, 34% (n=35) of the participants were spouses of the patients. The\u0000mean value of the overall support score (ICE-FPSQ) was 59.67±12.60 in\u0000dicating good support from ICU nurses. The mean value of cognitive perception\u0000was 21.27±7.30, in the subscale with a maximum value of 25. The\u0000mean value of emotional perception was 38.40±9.60, in the subscale with a\u0000maximum value of 45.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Families’ perception of the support from ICU nurses was relatively\u0000high as indicated by the mean values of the cognitive and emotional\u0000subscales. Although the ICUs are overstretched with work, nurses must\u0000interact with families to offer the necessary support for both patients and\u0000family members, which enables them to manage the situation effectively.","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quality of Life and Perceived Level of Stress among Mothers of Children with Congenital Heart Disease, in Sri Lanka","authors":"C. P. D. Jayasekara, H. D. A. U. Pushpamali, C. A. Fernando, A. R. Jayamaha, H. Dharmarathna","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2024051049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2024051049","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common among all\u0000congenital defects, with Asia reporting the highest prevalence. The experience of\u0000having a child with CHD can induce stress levels and significantly compromise\u0000the quality of life (QOL) of the parents.\u0000\u0000Objective: To determine the quality of life and perceived level of stress among\u0000mothers of children with congenital heart diseases, in Sri Lanka.\u0000\u0000Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among\u0000randomly selected 75 mothers who sought treatment for a child with CHD at the\u0000cardiology clinic of Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Sri Lanka. The QOL\u0000was measured using the Brief Version of the World Health Organization Quality\u0000of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) scale, while the level of stress was measured using\u0000the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Data were analysed using both descriptive and\u0000inferential statistics via IBM SPSS version 25. Ethical approval was obtained\u0000from the Ethics Review Committee of KIU (KIU/ERC/19/42).\u0000\u0000Results: Among the participants, most of the mothers were Sinhalese (n=64,\u000085%) and Buddhists (n=55, 73%). Nearly half of the respondents (n=39,\u000052%) had education up to senior secondary level (G.C.E. O/L). Most of the\u0000participants were married (n=66, 88%) and unemployed (n=43, 57%). Only\u000029% (n=22) reported their QOL was at a good level, and 41% (n=31) were\u0000neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with their general health. Also, 67% of them\u0000(n=50) experienced moderate perceived stress. Further, the physical health\u0000domain (p≤0.001), psychological domain (p=0.004), social relationship domain\u0000(p≤0.001) and environment domain (p=0.001) of QOL were significantly\u0000associated with perceived stress levels.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Most mothers of children with CHD exhibited poor QOL and\u0000experienced high levels of perceived stress. Perceived stress demonstrates a\u0000significant association with physical, psychological, social relationships, and\u0000environmental QOL domains. In that context, interventions aimed at enhancing\u0000QOL and mitigating stress levels should be implemented for mothers of children\u0000with CHD.","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"86 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141378333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Evaluation of Photoprotective Potential in Flowers of Osbeckia octandra (L.) DC. for Development of Herbal Sunscreen Formulations","authors":"C. Liyanaarachchi, M. Napagoda, S. Witharana, L. Jayasinghe","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2024051047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2024051047","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of the solar spectrum is often linked with the onset of conditions like inflammation, photoaging, immunosuppression, hyperpigmentation, and photocarcinogenesis. Although synthetic sunscreens have emerged as protectants against this harmful UV radiation, there is an increasing demand for sunscreens of herbal origin, which are believed to have low side-effect profiles in comparison to their synthetic counterparts. In order to cater for this need, the present study aimed at developing herbal sunscreen formulations from flowers of Osbeckia octandra DC, a purple-coloured wildflower widely distributed across different geographical regions in Sri Lanka. \u0000Methodology: The UV filtering potency and subsequently, the sun protection factor (SPF) in the methanolic extract of O. octandra was initially determined. Thereafter this extract was incorporated into the aqueous cream base at 25%, 50%, and 75% (w/w) and the SPF values and photostability of the prepared formulations were evaluated. \u0000Results: The initial SPF value of the crude extract (39.91 ± 1.93) had hardly changed even after incorporating it at 75% into the aqueous cream base. This 75% formulation surpassed the other two formulations and the commercial sunscreen (positive control) in terms of the higher SPF and broader spectrum of UV absorption. Its SPF value altered only slightly during the storage for 21 days in light or dark conditions and was photostable. \u0000Conclusion: Our preliminary observations demonstrated the appropriateness of O. octandra for the formulation of herbal sunscreens at the commercial stage. \u0000Keywords: Herbal sunscreens, Osbeckia octandra, Photoprotection, Sun protection factor, UV radiation","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"3 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analysis of the importance of pursuing the BA Hons (English) degree programme in Sri Lanka","authors":"D. Amarasooriya","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2023042046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2023042046","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Second language learning has become a socially valued vital learning\u0000process since it has the influencing potential to form, manipulate and change the\u0000social individual identities towards positive recognition. In Sri Lanka, English\u0000has become the most prestigious language in society and competence in English\u0000is required as the most obligatory qualification for a person to be recognized in\u0000society. Thus, the educational process of learning English as a second language\u0000has become a highly acknowledged and vital section of the Sri Lankan educational\u0000system.\u0000Objectives: The study aimed to analyze the impact of the BA (Hons) in English\u0000programme in facilitating individuals with a pedagogy through which they will be\u0000able to enrich their knowledge of the study of language, fields of linguistics, diverse\u0000domains of literature, philosophy and research.\u0000Methodology: The study was conducted as secondary research and within the\u0000secondary data collection process, the information was gathered and analysed\u0000discursively based on selected secondary sources of information such as scholarly\u0000articles, books, reports etc. The theoretical perspectives and ideologies of Bonny\u0000Norton, Pierre Bourdieu, Chris Weedon, Susan M. Gass, Larry Selinker, Dudley-\u0000Evans, Maggie Jo St John etc. were applied.\u0000Results: Literature studies are considered an integral part of the BA English\u0000curriculum since they can be considered a source which triggers social empowerment\u0000and develops critical and analytical skills of the students while enabling them to\u0000perceive the world through diverse perspectives. Computational linguistics, an\u0000emerging science in the current educational sphere, strengthens the quality of the\u0000BA Hons in English degree programme by facilitating the coordination between\u0000two disciplines, linguistics and computer science, in producing an innovative\u0000language teaching and learning platform embedded with computer applications and\u0000programs. The undergraduates who follow the BA English degree programme are\u0000expected to develop communication skills in English and other competencies which\u0000are needed for lifelong learning.\u0000Conclusion: The Bachelor of Arts in English degree can be identified as the most\u0000productive educational programme in providing students with a greater improvement\u0000from communicative competence to mastery of English proficiency. It was observed\u0000that graduates with a BA in English are given more preference than conventional\u0000business-minded graduates since English graduates are identified as super thinkers,\u0000individuals with skills in teamwork, problem solvers with rich analytical skills and risk takers who handle challenges strategically","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"41 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Attitude towards COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose in Vaccinated Undergraduates in Colombo District: A Cross-Sectional Survey","authors":"M. N. F. Nazreen, S. Sneha, J. K. A. K. Perera, D. N. N. Weerasooriya, K. P. N. Ranathunga, W. A. S. Sathsara, V. Perera","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2023042045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2023042045","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: COVID-19 vaccine booster doses are additionally recommended to broaden the immunological response towards the disease. Conversely, COVID-19 vaccine booster hesitancy was noticed among the Sri Lankan population. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the knowledge and attitude towards booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitude, and hesitancy towards booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine among the undergraduate population in the Colombo district. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 undergraduates in the Colombo district using a convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. SPSS version 25 was used for the analysis of the study. Results: Among the total participants (n=385), most respondents had good knowledge (n=198, 51.4%) regarding COVID-19. However, most participants had a neutral attitude (n=156, 40.5%) toward the COVID-19 vaccine. More than half of the participants (n=204, 53%) hesitated about the booster dose. The major factor identified for booster hesitancy was the fear of the side effects (n=119, 50.2%) whilst the least factor was the belief in the ineffectiveness of the booster doses (n=15, 6.3%). Conclusion: Most of the respondents had good knowledge regarding COVID-19. However, many participants had a neutral attitude toward the COVID-19 booster dose. One of the major reasons for booster hesitancy was the fear of side effects of the vaccine. In this regard, imparting knowledge and increasing good behavioural change toward COVID-19 booster dose is the best solution to reduce hesitancy.","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"9 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135634799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Facebook on Generation Z Consumer’s Fast Food Purchase Intention; Reference to Colombo District, Sri Lanka","authors":"L. A. S. A. D. Liyanasooriya, L. A. C. Sajeewanie, B. T. Edirisooriya","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2023042044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2023042044","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Due to the rising appeal of social media platforms among young individuals, fast-food advertisers see them as an efficient channel to promote businesses among youth. The fast-food industry has experienced a surge in popularity in Sri Lanka, particularly among the youth and individuals with hectic schedules. In comparison to other sectors, the franchise fast food industry in Sri Lanka extensively utilizes social media marketing for its promotional efforts. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of Facebook on generation Z consumers’ fast food purchase intention. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 242 generation Z consumers (people born between 1996 and 2010). Online questionnaire was used to gather details regarding consumers' preference for fast food purchases following advertisements on Facebook. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were employed to analyze the data using SPSS version 25. Results: Most of the participants were males (62.5%, n=125), who belonged to the age category of 18-25 years. Findings revealed that activities such as Likes (p<0.05), Friend's Likes (p<0.05), Comment posting (p<0.05), and Sharing (p<0.05) on Facebook had a significant impact on the intention to purchase fast food. Additionally, the study indicated generation Z consumers are receptive to fast-food advertising on Facebook. Conclusion: Generation Z consumers are receptive to fast food advertising on Facebook. Therefore, Facebook will be an effective method to promote fast food among generation Z consumers. Further, advertisements on Facebook would enhance the promotion of fastfood vendors.","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135803394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Antibiotics Prescribing Patterns at the Outpatient Department of a Specialized Children Hospital in Sri Lanka: Using WHO Recommended Prescribing Indicators","authors":"B. B. Gayanthi, A. G. U. Athugala, T. M. D. U. Jayasooriya, G. G. A. L. Bandara, T. M. Madanayaka, H. H. H. S. Sandakumari, K. P. A. Sewwandi, K. T. G. Kanchana, D. K. Yimenu","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2023042043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2023042043","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: \"Essential Medicines List,\" was released by the World Health Organization (WHO) and contains medications including some antibiotics that are considered the most effective and secure ways to fulfil the best patient management. Despite the establishment of standard metrics by the WHO to govern pharmaceutical utilization, irrational prescription is common, particularly in developing countries. Objective: To assess the antibiotics prescribing patterns at the Outpatient Department of Sirimawo Bandaranayake Specialized Children Hospital in Sri Lanka using WHO prescribing indicators. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 375 pediatric patients’ prescription notes aged 1 to 14 years using a data extraction sheet from prescription notes and prescription registration books. The extraction details included the generic name of the drug, number of drugs recommended, presence of antibiotics and mode of administration. Results: The majority of the encounters (52.8%, n=198) included male pediatric patients. The average number of medications administered per encounter was 3, with 6 medications being the highest. In the outpatient department, 46.9% (n=176) of the encounters contained antibiotics while none of the prescriptions contained injectable medications. The majority of the prescriptions (53.6%, n=201) contained drugs that were not from the essential medicines list while 50.1% (n=188) contained medications prescribed using the trade name. Conclusion: In conclusion, polypharmacy, and antibiotics which were not from the essential medicines list were prominent among the prescription sheets issued to pediatric patients.","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135917878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge on street food safety among a selected group of Sri Lankan students; A cross-sectional study","authors":"V. S. Kodikara, R. M. De Silva, J. Y. H. P. Nandapala, N. D. K. Ranadeva","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2023042042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2023042042","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Street food has been frequently reported to contribute to foodborne illnesses. As a result, the safety of street food has been given major attention. Numerous studies have shown that a lack of knowledge among university students regarding street food safety results in a risk of contracting food-borne illnesses. Objective: Determine the knowledge of street food safety among undergraduate students. Methodology: A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data related to students’ socio-demographic details and food safety knowledge. In this study, 332 street food consumers (220 females and 112 males) voluntarily participated. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 26 using p value < 0.05 as statistical significance. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Results: The study showed that street food consumers’ knowledge on food safety was average. The knowledge regarding food safety was not significantly associated with socio-demographic factors assessed (gender, age, ethnicity, marital status, study program, academic year, and accommodation method) (p > 0.05). The majority of consumers were aware of the possibility of food contamination, the value of washing hands, and the need for adequate hygiene in order to prevent foodborne illnesses. However, some aspects related to knowledge of food safety caused concerns. The majority of customers found it difficult to understand that food does not transmit AIDS. Conclusion: Young adults should be educated about food hygiene and safety. However, further studies are necessary to confirm these findings.","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136235939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of herbal skin care formulations from the hydro-alcoholic extract of Leucas zeylanica (L.) W.T.Aiton","authors":"C Liyanaarchchi, M Kumari, M Napagoda, S Witharana, L Jayasinghe","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2023042041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2023042041","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Leucas zeylanica (L.) W.T.Aiton is a plant used in traditional medicine as a remedy against several dermatological conditions. The high UV-filtering potential observed for the aqueousmethanolic extract of this plant suggests its suitability to develop herbal skin care agents. Therefore, this study was undertaken to develop herbal skin care formulations from the aqueous methanolic (hydro-alcoholic) extract of the whole plants of L. zeylanica and evaluate the photoprotective efficacy. Methodology: Three formulations were prepared by incorporating different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75%) of the extract into an aqueous cream base. Thereafter, the UV filtering potential and sun protection factor (SPF) were determined. Results: The formulation comprised of 75% of the extract displayed the highest UV absorbance as well as the highest SPF value (26.76±3.82). All formulations in general exhibited good photostability profiles. The anti-tyrosinase assay revealed very mild tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the aqueous methanolic extract of L. zeylanica. Therefore our formulations do not interfere with the biosynthesis of melanin, the natural photoprotectant molecule in the skin, unlike most commercial sunscreens. Conclusion: The strong and broad-range UV-filtering potential, high SPF and photostability profiles observed for the sunscreen formulation comprised of 75% of the extract suggest the potential utility of L. zeylanica extract for the development of herbal skin care formulations in a commercial scale.","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135014572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Journal of KIU","authors":"","doi":"10.37966/ijkiu2023041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37966/ijkiu2023041","url":null,"abstract":"International Journal of KIU is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary open access journal published online and bi-annually in print version. The Journal provides a research platform for the researchers and practitioners in all regions of the world thus contributing new insights into current and emerging concepts, theories, research and practice through diverse disciplines. The Journal maintains high quality standards by exercising peer review and editorial quality control. Facts and opinions in articles published on International Journal of KIU are solely the personal statements of respective authors. Authors are responsible for all contents in their article(s) including accuracy of the facts, statements, citing resources, and so on. International Journal of KIU and editors disclaim any liability of violations of other parties’ rights, or any damage incurred therefore to use or apply any of the contents of the International Journal of KIU. Material submitted to International Journal of KIU considered to be original and not published or submitted for publication elsewhere. All rights reserved by International Journal of KIU. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. Special requests should be addressed to editor@kiu.ac.lk","PeriodicalId":476294,"journal":{"name":"International journal of KIU","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136016758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}