JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY最新文献

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Self-determination and State-building: Mosul Before the League of Nations, 1918–1932 自决与国家建设:国际联盟之前的摩苏尔,1918-1932
2区 历史学
JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2023.2268330
Jingwei Xu
{"title":"Self-determination and State-building: Mosul Before the League of Nations, 1918–1932","authors":"Jingwei Xu","doi":"10.1080/03086534.2023.2268330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2023.2268330","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article reconstructs the place of ‘self-determination’ and its conjunct, ‘minorities’ rights,’ as legal languages in the history of Iraq from the British occupation until its League of Nations-supervised independence in 1932. While historians understand the development of the Arab-led mandatory regime and its relationship to international, League-mediated politics, the potential for the politics of ‘self-determination’ to have created radically different geopolitical outcomes, particularly in the northern, heterogeneous province of Mosul, has only recently been acknowledged. Rather than treat self-determination as an analytical category, this article begins from the perspective of the concept’s novelty in the Middle East in 1918. State-building in Iraq through independence, I argue, depended on manipulating the doctrinal slippages between ‘self-determination’ and ‘minorities’ rights’ as much as it did on institutional processes. Through the emergence of the mandatory regime and in two critical League Council decisions – the Mosul territorial arbitration of 1925 and Iraqi independence proceedings in 1932 – the nascent Arab state, the British Empire, and the inhabitants of Mosul contested the meaning of self-determination. Their arguments had far-reaching implications, some unintended, for the shape of inter-war international politics and constitute an important – and earlier – episode in the interplay between decolonisation and the centring of the nation-state in international law in the twentieth century.KEYWORDS: IraqMosulmandatedecolonisationinternational lawlegal historyself-determinationminoritieshuman rights Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 CAB/24/176: Memorandum (24 Dec., 1925), “The Mosul Question at the League of Nations,” Report by Leopold Amery.2 Makko, “Arbitrator in a World of Wars”.3 Amery entered politics in 1911, obtaining a seat in the House of Commons as a conservative, which he would hold until 1945. He held various positions in the War and Colonial Offices, most notably the first lordship of the Admiralty from 1922 to 1924, when he was appointed Colonial Secretary, succeeding Winston Churchill. Over the course of his career spanning journalism, intelligence, and the Admiralty, he had cultivated a near-religious devotion to the British Empire as the ‘final object of patriotic emotion and action.’ Lavin, “Amery, Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (1873-1955),”; online ed., accessed 3 July, 2020.4 See, e.g., Amery, My Political Life – Volume 2. For more on Amery’s political thought, see, e.g., Pedersen, The Guardians; Grayson, “Leo Amery’s Imperialist Alternative to Appeasement in the 1930s,”.5 See Silverfarb, Britain’s Informal Empire in the Middle East, ch. 4.6 Much has been written on the history of the Kurds in Iraq, although the bulk of this scholarship focuses on the latter half of the 20th century. For broader historical perspectives, see Danilovich, Iraqi","PeriodicalId":46214,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY","volume":" 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135242134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Severing the Sinews of the Spanish Empire: British Naval Policy and Operations Regarding the Silver Fleets during the War of Jenkins’ Ear, 1737–1740 切断西班牙帝国的血脉:1737-1740年詹金斯耳战争期间英国海军关于银舰队的政策和行动
2区 历史学
JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2023.2275330
Shinsuke Satsuma
{"title":"Severing the Sinews of the Spanish Empire: British Naval Policy and Operations Regarding the Silver Fleets during the War of Jenkins’ Ear, 1737–1740","authors":"Shinsuke Satsuma","doi":"10.1080/03086534.2023.2275330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2023.2275330","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn studies on the War of Jenkins’ Ear, a conflict between the British and Spanish empires, historians tend to focus on colonial expeditions, such as those against Porto Bello and Cartagena. On the other hand, operations against Spanish silver fleets, the mainstay of the Spanish imperial trade system, have attracted far less attention. This article examines these somewhat undervalued operations against the silver fleets as well as those concerning other Spanish shipping during the War of Jenkins’ Ear, giving their political and diplomatic backgrounds. This analysis demonstrates the significance of the issue of the silver fleets in Anglo-Spanish relations at the time. It also indicates the deep involvement of France in this issue and its influence on British naval operations. Finally, this article describes the development and implementation of British naval policy to put economic and financial pressure on the Spanish empire, arguing that the naval operations during this period were one of the earliest attempts at using blockades on both sides of the Atlantic, which Britain further developed in later imperial wars that took place during the long eighteenth century.KEYWORDS: BritainSpainFranceempireWar of Jenkins’ EarNavysilver fleetstradeblockade AcknowledgementsI am grateful to Professor N.A.M. Rodger, Professor Jeremy Black and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on this article.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 In this paper, all dates are given in the Old Style of the Julian Calendar except where the date is specifically indicated as New Style by (n.s.) or both dates are used (e.g. 6/17 August). The new year is taken to have begun on 1 January, not 25 March.2 For example, see Richmond, Navy, i; Harding, Amphibious Warfare. However, it should be noted that Richmond was aware of the importance of intercepting the silver fleets. Richmond, Navy, i. 145, 277–8, vol. ii. 245.3 For the establishment of the Western Squadron, see, Duffy, “Establishment”.4 Torres Sánchez, Constructing a Fiscal-Military State, 138–40, 154, 214.5 Pares, War and Trade, 109–14.6 Woodfine, Britannia’s Glories, esp., 175–6, 214; Harding, Emergence, esp., 57–8. Chapman, Disaster, 67–6, 70.7 Wilson, “Empire,” 74–109.8 Regarding the period of the War of Spanish Succession, there is an article on the issue of the silver fleets by Kamen. Kamen, “Destruction,” 165–73.9 Walker, Spanish Politics, 4–5; Pares, War, 3, 112–3. In addition, ships called avisos sailed between Spain and her American colonies, but their duty was to carry official papers and information, not valuable cargo.10 In the Pacific, Manila Galleons, or vessels engaged in the trans-pacific trade between Manila and Acapulco, were another important target for the British navy. For Manila Galleons, see Schurz, “Mexico”; Walker, Spanish Politics, 6–7. During the War of Austrian Succession, Commodore Anson succeeded in capturing one of them. Fo","PeriodicalId":46214,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY","volume":"317 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135475066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Emigration, War and Reconstruction: Imagining the International Dispersal of Britain in the 1940s 移民、战争与重建:想象20世纪40年代英国的国际分散
2区 历史学
JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2023.2268325
Adam Page
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引用次数: 0
Practical Christianity in Practice: Chinese Youth Culture and the Scouting Movement as Seen by British Missionaries at the Griffith John College, Hankou, 1915–1925 实践中的实践基督教:汉口葛里菲书院英国传教士眼中的中国青年文化与童军运动,1915-1925
2区 历史学
JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2023.2268324
Peter Kwok-Fai Law
{"title":"Practical Christianity in Practice: Chinese Youth Culture and the Scouting Movement as Seen by British Missionaries at the Griffith John College, Hankou, 1915–1925","authors":"Peter Kwok-Fai Law","doi":"10.1080/03086534.2023.2268324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2023.2268324","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article, which highlights the religious origin of early Chinese scouting, scrutinises the connections between scouting, Christianity, and cultural exchange in early twentieth-century China. It provides insight into the history of Chinese youth by examining how British missionary scoutmasters, highly critical of Chinese parenting, introduced an alternate model of adolescence with a ‘civilising’ mission at Griffith John College – a mission school founded by the London Missionary Society in Hankou for Chinese male adolescents. This article contends that Chinese scouting was initially designed as an effective means to practice Christianity in evangelical ministries which equipped Chinese scouts with ‘fine virtues’ – elements that shaped them to become ‘good citizens’ and help them ‘overcome’ superstitious social customs. Apart from studying the role of scouting in China, this article also examines the effects of Christian missions on Chinese society in the cultural exchange influenced by the ‘civilising’ perspective that upheld by missionary scoutmasters. The cultural imperialism inherent in scout training hindered the development of a thorough Chinese citizenship at the national level. But the ways foreign evangelists educated their boy scouts did bring some positive impacts on Chinese youth culture, enlarging the scope of Christian missions to different possibilities and creative potential in cultural interaction between the colonisers and the colonised.KEYWORDS: ScoutingparentingcitizenshipChristian missionscultural exchange AcknowledgmentI wish to sincerely thank Robert Bickers, Ning Jennifer Chang, Huei-min Sun, Albert Monshan Wu, Jonathan Henshaw, William Sima, James Fellows, Helena Lopes, Stig Thøgersen, and an anonymous reviewer for their kind assistance and valuable advice. I also want to convey my deepest gratitude to the Academia Sinica's Institute of Modern History for its generous funding for my postdoctoral research project on missionary scoutmasters in Republican China. Finally, my heartfelt thanks go to my PhD supervisor Lars Laamann who gave me unfailing, unconditional support, including providing me with important primary materials during the time when the SOAS library had very limited access due to London's lockdown in 2021.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Stanley, The Bible and the Flag, 157.2 Sze-Hang, “The Scouts Movement,”1–50.3 Jin-lin, “Authority over the Body”; Morris, Marrow of the Nation, 241–42.4 Schillinger, The Body and Military Masculinity, 302; Boehmer, “Introduction,” xxvi–xxvii, xxxviii–xxix.5 Tillman, “The ‘Whole Child’ in Transition.”6 Culp, Articulating Citizenship, 188.7 Wang, “Bishop Frederik R. Graves and the Changing Context of China,” 46.8 Lutz, Chinese Politics and Christian Missions, 155–56.9 Boehmer, “Introduction,” xxii.10 Dunch, “Beyond Cultural Imperialism,” 325.11 Springhall, Youth, Empire, and Society, 53, 77–78; Boehmer, “Introdu","PeriodicalId":46214,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Small Spaces of Empire: Long-distance Trade, Anglo-Indian Foodways and the Bottlekhana 帝国的小空间:长途贸易,盎格鲁-印度食品之路和Bottlekhana
2区 历史学
JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2023.2244750
Swati Chattopadhyay
{"title":"The Small Spaces of Empire: Long-distance Trade, Anglo-Indian Foodways and the <i>Bottlekhana</i>","authors":"Swati Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1080/03086534.2023.2244750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2023.2244750","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article is an invitation to shift the analytic focus of empire to its small spaces. Bringing one aspect of the trade history of British India – the trade in European provisions and foodstuff – in conversation with the history of colonial architecture and Anglo-Indian foodways, I argue that small spaces might reveal cultural practices and attendant structures of power that are not evident when our attention remains lodged in dominant transactions, large spaces, big events, and bulk commodities. In this article I specifically turn to the bottlekhana, a storage space in colonial buildings in India, and its role in mediating the consumption of European food. This line of inquiry takes the discussion of European imports to India to the realm of servants and women who rarely figure in trade histories of the British empire.KEYWORDS: Anglo-Indian foodwaysimport tradetrade historyEuropean provisionsbottlekhanasmall spacescolonial architecturematerial culture Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Advertisement of provisions, Calcutta Gazette, May 18, 1797.2 Kipling, ‘The Mother Lodge’, Sussex Edition, 152.3 Furedy, ‘British Tradesmen of Calcutta 1830–1900’.4 Ray, ‘Asian Capital’, 449–50.5 Roy, The East India Company, 208.6 For general merchandise see Tomlinson, ‘From Campsie to Kedgeree’, 779.7 Bowen, ‘Sinews of Trade and Empire’, 482–83.8 Bowen, ‘The Consumption of British Manufactured Goods in India’, 27.9 For the substantial literature on the subject see Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency; Jones, Merchants of the Raj; Ray ‘Asian Capital’; Marshall, East India Fortunes; Bowen, The Business of Empire; Markovits, Global World of Indian Merchants; Munro, Maritime Enterprise and Empire; Tomlinson, ‘British Business in India’; Ray (ed), Entrepreneurship and Industry; Roy, ‘Trading Firms in Colonial India’; Webster, ‘An Early Global Business’; Webster, ‘The Strategies and Limits of Gentlemanly Capitalism’.10 For example, for the export trade see Berg, ‘In Pursuit of Luxury’; Rappaport, Thirst for Empire.11 Arnold, ‘Global Goods’; Arnold, Everyday Technologies. For a history of consumption in South Asia from the late nineteenth century onwards, see Haynes, et al, Towards a History of Consumption.12 Collingham, The Taste of Empire.13 East India Company, Accounts Presented to the House of Commons, 1808; Report on the External Commerce, 1812; An Account of all Goods, 1820.14 An account of all goods, the produce of the East Indies and China, 1811.15 An account of all goods, 1820.16 Tripathi, Trade and Finance, 78.17 The market size for imported consumables was an estimated 1 million people in the first decades of the twentieth century, cited in Ray, ‘Introduction’, Entrepreneurship and Industry, 17–18.18 Hull, The European in India, 83–6.19 Chattopadhyay, ‘Colonial Port Cities’, and Chattopadhyay Small Spaces: Recasting the Architecture of the British Empire. For more on the liquor ","PeriodicalId":46214,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136308674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Notes on Contributors 投稿人说明
2区 历史学
JOURNAL OF IMPERIAL AND COMMONWEALTH HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2023.2210789
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引用次数: 0
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