B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba
{"title":"Material preparation.","authors":"B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba","doi":"10.1079/9781789241396.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789241396.0045","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The aim of oil palm trialling is to evaluate field performance among a range of genotypes and to select those of interest. A basic necessity is the provision of good quality planting material, usually produced from deliberate cross-pollinations. Details of methods in pre-trialling activities, i.e. in crossing, seed production and the production of field-ready planting materials, are given in Kelanaputra et al. (2018), Setiawati et al. (2018) and Laksono et al. (2019), respectively (this series of manuals). Thus, only brief overviews of these operations are given here.","PeriodicalId":443720,"journal":{"name":"Field trials in oil palm breeding: a manual","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133040871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba
{"title":"Land preparation.","authors":"B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba","doi":"10.1079/9781789241396.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789241396.0033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Previous land use determines the operations needed in preparing land for trialling. Trialling in primary and secondary forest is not a sustainable nor an environmentally friendly practice and should not be carried out. In sustainable oil palm production, previous land should normally be a previous plantation crop (e.g. rubber, coconut or oil palm). The procedures for the felling of two of these plantation crops, clearing the land and preparing the trial site ready for planting, are given as examples here. These procedures need to be carefully timed and coordinated with nursery plant production and season (oil palm is normally planted in the rainy season). They are also regulated by the need for and involvement of eco-friendly practices - for example, 'zero burning, zero smoke', in clearing the land area. Heavy specialised equipment is used throughout and operators and field work must observe standard operating procedures.","PeriodicalId":443720,"journal":{"name":"Field trials in oil palm breeding: a manual","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115877461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba
{"title":"Recording.","authors":"B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba","doi":"10.1079/9781789241396.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789241396.0059","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Careful recording is an important component of field trialling. In addition to the target traits of interest, all conditions that appear during the trial should be recorded as well as anything unusual or noteworthy. All the data are used in assessing the value of the materials being tested. Recording methods may differ among oil palm research stations. However, some methods are commonly used and these are described in this chapter. Scored traits include yield and yield components (including bunch and oil analysis), growth (height increment), occurrence of common pests, diseases and physiological disorders, nutrient deficiencies and toxicities. New traits include those that can be exploited in developing mechanical harvesting systems in oil palm (fruit colour, long bunch stalks and late fruit abscission or the opposite - total fruit abscission).","PeriodicalId":443720,"journal":{"name":"Field trials in oil palm breeding: a manual","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130933988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba
{"title":"Trial planting.","authors":"B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba","doi":"10.1079/9781789241396.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789241396.0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 A brief introduction to selection is given. This is based on a natural process, but breeders aim to accelerate it by screening selected palms within and between genotypes or progenies under field conditions. Breeding is only effective if the trait of interest is controlled genetically (traits that are strongly influenced by the environment are better controlled by agronomy and husbandry). Screening is traditionally done by phenotypic scoring of plant performance in the field (e.g. by measuring yield), but, increasingly, traits may be selected for by DNA screening (genotypic selection). The advent of DNA screening now means that an increasing number of traits can be screened for at the seedling stage and selections can be made in the nursery (e.g. for shell thickness). Thus, field trialling can be more focused (e.g. tenera-only trials) and material of no interest eliminated (e.g. sterile pisiferas). DNA analyses can also aid in cross-selection (e.g. in conservative breeding - elite × elite crosses - or more speculative breeding - elite × wild, or wild × wild crosses), and provide a balance between the two. Once a breeding programme has been developed it needs to be coordinated so that material (from various crosses) is available for seed processing, nursery plant production and simultaneous field planting. In anticipation of this, a trial design needs to be considered (finalised when the material is realised) so that field preparations (appropriate land designated, clearance of previous crops, fallow, ploughing, plotting, drainage, etc.) and a field layout implemented. Various trial designs are discussed, and recommendations made depending on trial objectives and available materials.","PeriodicalId":443720,"journal":{"name":"Field trials in oil palm breeding: a manual","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125576378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba
{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba","doi":"10.1079/9781789241396.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789241396.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Field testing - trialling - of oil palm is subject to many factors, chief among them being the basic biological features of the crop (it is a long-lived perennial) and the traits to be assessed (mainly yield, thus mature palms need to be produced). Trialling is the next step after breeders have produced progeny from deliberate crosses, and this in turn is dependent upon the genetic variation available to the breeder (see Setiawati et al., 2018, this series). Trialling allows the selection of progenies and palms based on field performance, and these can then be promoted to variety status and commercial production (see Kelanaputra et al., 2018, this series). Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, is the world's most important oil crop. Although it has been used to some extent as a food since ancient times in its centre of origin (West Africa), it is a relatively modern crop, with Southeast Asia now being the main production region. A brief history of the development of the oil palm crop (significant dates and eras) is given. Improvement of the crop through breeding and trialling is relatively recent, with beginnings in the early 20th century. Since breeding is dependent upon access to traits of interest, germplasm collections from the centre of origin have been made. In addition, variation is being produced by mutation induction and selection (see Nur et al., 2018, this series). Thus, oil palm breeders have access to a rich germplasm base and can create progenies which combine novel traits (e.g. disease resistance) with traditional traits (e.g. thin-shelled fruit type), which then need to be tested in field trials.","PeriodicalId":443720,"journal":{"name":"Field trials in oil palm breeding: a manual","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130392813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba
{"title":"Health and safety considerations.","authors":"B. Sitepu, N. D. Laksono, U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, P. Widodo, B. Forster, A. R. Purba","doi":"10.1079/9781789241396.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789241396.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Standard health and safety protocols are needed in all breeding trial activities, and these include activities in the field, nursery and the laboratory. The official standards can vary depending on country and regulations, but good standards should be maintained whatever requirements are officially needed. Identification and elimination of hazards and risks, followed by the development of specific safety practices and procedures for preventing and responding to workplace accidents and injuries are important in establishing effective occupational health and safe working conditions. Guidelines in health and safety issues relating to field trials and related nursery and laboratory activities in oil palm breeding are given below. They are also provided by various organisations.","PeriodicalId":443720,"journal":{"name":"Field trials in oil palm breeding: a manual","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122716680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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