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The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies最新文献

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Referendums and Direct Democracy 公投和直接民主
The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.22
Céline Colombo, Hanspeter Kriesi
{"title":"Referendums and Direct Democracy","authors":"Céline Colombo, Hanspeter Kriesi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"We start by tracing the origins of modern-day direct democracy back to the ideas of participatory democrats, and we give a systematic overview of the different forms of direct democratic practices existing today, as well as of the main criticisms of direct democracy. Next, we review existing empirical evidence on some of the crucial debates surrounding direct democracy: Does direct democracy lead to systematically different policy outcomes and to a better representation of voters? Do popular votes hurt minority rights? To what extent does direct democracy undermine the relevance of, and participation in, elections? Are citizens competent enough to decide over policy at the ballot box? What is the role of the elite and of campaigns in direct democracy? Finally, we discuss the controversial relation between direct democracy and populism.","PeriodicalId":443007,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132118116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Non-electoral Participation Non-electoral参与
The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.24
J. V. Deth
{"title":"Non-electoral Participation","authors":"J. V. Deth","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"Does the rise of non-electoral forms of participation affect the functioning of liberal democracies and institutionalized representation? Because every form of participation is biased against less privileged parts of the population the main aspects of unequal political participation are considered. Are participants the better democrats? The findings suggest that the rising levels and expanding repertoires of non-electoral participation do not provide a cure for biased representation. Yet the politically active parts of the population consistently show much higher levels of support for core principles of representative democracy than found among citizens who only cast a vote or do not participate at all.","PeriodicalId":443007,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies","volume":"5 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133041563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Feeling Represented 感觉代表
The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.21
S. Holmberg
{"title":"Feeling Represented","authors":"S. Holmberg","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"Institutional learning works. Citizens in older and more mature democracies feel represented to a larger extent than people in new and emerging democracies. And as normatively expected, feelings of being represented are reasonably well spread across different social and political groups. Electoral system design turns out not to be consequential. Majoritarian, proportional or mixed electoral systems do about equally well when it comes to how well people feel they are being represented by a party or a party leader. The results are based on data from The Comparative Study of Electoral System’s (CSES) project covering forty-six countries and eighty-six elections between 2001 and 2011.","PeriodicalId":443007,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies","volume":"237 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134208311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Regional and Ethnic Minorities 区域和少数民族
The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.10
D. Ruedin
{"title":"Regional and Ethnic Minorities","authors":"D. Ruedin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"While members of regional and ethnic minorities can reach the highest echelons of power, in most contexts they remain politically marginalized and under-represented in formal politics. The heterogeneity of regional and ethnic minority groups creates a challenge for the study of representation if one wants to avoid the traps of essentialism and unrealistic assumptions. The inclusion of regional and ethnic minorities in legislatures and government can increase trust, alleviate conflict, and provide substantive representation. Much evidence shows that, on average, representatives of regional and ethnic minorities work in the name of their respective groups, especially in ‘low-cost’ activities like asking parliamentary questions. Such substantive representation should be the guiding principle, but the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation seems moderated by the context in which legislators operate.","PeriodicalId":443007,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122554192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dynamic Representation 动态表示
The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.25
Christopher Wlezien
{"title":"Dynamic Representation","authors":"Christopher Wlezien","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers what we have learned—and still have to learn—from research on dynamic representation in the United States and other countries. To begin with, it provides a basic theoretical exposition and then traces the previous research, organized based on the dependent variables that the scholarship has employed: the priorities and positions of elected officials, legislative votes, and policy decisions. There is substantial evidence that changing public opinion matters for all of these but that the effect does not hold universally. Issues matter and institutions do too, and under the best of circumstances, the public is just one of many factors that matter to policymakers. Indeed, we sometimes observe little impact of public opinion at all, and this is in large part because of the public’s own inattention to policy actions themselves.","PeriodicalId":443007,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128206120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electoral Integrity 选举的完整性
The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.5
Carolien van Ham
{"title":"Electoral Integrity","authors":"Carolien van Ham","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"Election integrity is crucial for political representation. If elections are flawed, rigged, or fraudulent, there is no level playing field for parties and candidates contesting the electoral race, and voters’ preferences are unlikely to be translated truthfully into election outcomes. Election fraud directly affects the formation of preferences, as well as the translation of preferences into votes in the chain of representation, thereby undermining the capacity of elections to generate accountability and responsiveness. This chapter discusses what election integrity is and how it can be measured and provides a review of what we know and do not know yet about election integrity. It then zooms in on election integrity in established democracies, mapping the specific challenges to election integrity experienced by democracies in Europe, North America, and Oceania. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of challenges to election integrity for the quality of political representation.","PeriodicalId":443007,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies","volume":"19 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124876624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Populists in Power 民粹主义者掌权
The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.30
Z. Enyedi, S. Whitefield
{"title":"Populists in Power","authors":"Z. Enyedi, S. Whitefield","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825081.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"Much of the literature on populism, particularly in contemporary advanced democracies, focuses on its disruptive power to shake up mainstream party systems, to criticize the functioning of democratic institutions, and to mobilize critical citizens against elites. This chapter considers how populists construct regimes when they have established themselves in power, taking cases from post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe as examples. We identify specific governmental policies, ideological tenets, institutional designs, and discursive practices that enable populists to stabilize their rule and forge representational linkages with large blocks of the population. The chapter questions, however, whether the success of populists in power in these cases provides an indication of how populists might succeed in advanced democracies or whether it is a result of the peculiar political conditions of post-Communism, the absence of which suggests limiting conditions in other contexts.","PeriodicalId":443007,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Representation in Liberal Democracies","volume":"302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124212380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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