EcoRN eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Foundations of Climate Change Resilience: Lessons From Tokugawa Japan","authors":"Robert Courtadon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3221713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3221713","url":null,"abstract":"During the 17th century, much of the world experienced the General Crisis: a period in which sudden climate change in the form of the Little Ice Age led to agricultural disruption, famine, and political upheaval. However, during that time, Japan’s resilience in mitigating the negative effects of the Little Ice Age allowed it to avoid the General Crisis. Historians have focused on many aspects of Japanese culture to explain Japan’s success in achieving such resilience. Building on their work, this paper proposes that a confluence of three overarching factors created Japan’s ability to thrive during the 17th century: the extended peace enjoyed by Japan during this period; the intricate dualities of governance existing within its political system; and a social structure heavily defined by interdependence and collectivism. The lessons of Japan’s success suggest that the gradual evolution of modern efforts to combat global warming towards increasing leadership by sub-national entities and locally-focused solutions are on the right path.","PeriodicalId":442837,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126053940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dynamics of Negative Carbon Emissions: The Case of Forestry","authors":"Erin Kate Hayde, W. Semmler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3153017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3153017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the dynamic interactions between forest biomass, atmospheric carbon, and land use change. These three factors are modeled using a dynamic system model as state equations while the policymaker decides the optimal timber harvesting and deforestation quantities. An extension of the model with a tax on forest products and a revenue recycling mechanism is included as well. As forests are suggested as potential climate change mitigation tools to reach net negative emissions due to their function as carbon sinks, examinations into this dynamic relationship are of increasing importance. This investigative line can shed light on how to sustainably manage forests in the context of climate change, as well as indicate forests’ role in atmospheric carbon dioxide removal, and there are multiple opportunities for extension of its application.","PeriodicalId":442837,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128214460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopotentialities of Certain Plant Ingredients to Survival and Colour Enhancement in Xiphophorus Helleri","authors":"M. Divya, Dr Sreeja Jagadamma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3088400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3088400","url":null,"abstract":"Ornamental fish sector is a widely accepted flourishing industry play an integral part in interior designing uplifted the economic status of developing and underdeveloped nations. With respect to natural fish, they dwell in captivity under confined space may lack natural consumption of aquatic vegetation could adversely affect its physiological aspects. In our study three plant materials of therapeutic uses such as A.sativum, B.monneiri & M.fragrans incorporated diet (TD2,TD3, TD4&TD5) in individual and mixed proportion provided to the ornamental fish X.helleri. The mean length-weight relationship for tested diets CF, TD1, TD2, TD3, TD4 and TD5 in X.hellerianalysed by paired test with Turkey HSD showed significance with p <0.01. The ANOVA test for length gain showed significant difference in gain in length among feeds at 1% level of significance (p-value<.01). The post hoc multiple comparison shows there are three homogeneous groups. Even though the highest gain in length observed in TD4 no significant difference in gains identified. The ANOVA test done for weight gain showed there was significant difference in gain in weight among feeds at 1% level of significance (p-value<.01). The post hoc multiple comparison showed four homogeneous groups with highest gain in weight observed in TD5, followed byTD4 with no significant difference in gains among TD1, TD2 and TD3. Colour the major factors determining the market value of fishes evaluated by HPTLC yielded arranged in the decreasing order TD2 diet (1.5gm garlic with 15360.9 AU) > TD3 diet (2 gm brahmi with 11626.8AU) > TD4 diet (1.5gm with 6580.3AU) > TD5 diet (1:1.5:1 gm of garlic, brahmi & nutmeg with 6458.9AU) > TD1(commercial feed with 4831.1.AU) > CF (control feed without plant with 4555.5AU). The survival rate among fishes fed with six diets observed 80% in CF & TD1, 90% in TD2, TD3 &TD5 and 100% in TD4. The present work hence enlightened the accuracy of medicinal plants in promoting survival and pigmentation in sword tail.","PeriodicalId":442837,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130304821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change, System Change, and the Path Forward","authors":"Melissa K. Scanlan","doi":"10.4337/9781786434524.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786434524.00010","url":null,"abstract":"The current global economic system, which is fueled by externalizing environmental costs, growing exponentially, consuming more, and a widening wealth gap between rich and poor, is misaligned to meet the climate imperative to rapidly reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs). Amidst this system breakdown as we reach the end of the Industrial Age, the new economy movement has emerged to provide an alternative approach where ecological balance, wealth equity, and vibrant democracy are central to economic activity. Laws are the fundamental infrastructure that undergirds our economic and political system. Environmental law is typically conceived as a set of rules that establish pollutant limits for specific waterbodies, protect an identified species, or direct an industry to use a required technology. Although necessary, these types of law do not address the fundamentals of our political economy, and the most dramatic failure of environmental law is seen in increasing amounts of GHGs and global climate disruption. In order to develop a new economic system that is aligned with a climate and economic justice imperative, we need laws that will facilitate the new system and discourage the old. This chapter discusses systems thinking and systems change, highlighting leverage points to achieve change. It gives an overview of the new economy movement that has emerged to provide a new narrative, and using a systems lens, identifies areas where the law needs to evolve to facilitate building a more sustainable, equitable, and democratic future.","PeriodicalId":442837,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN eJournal","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121640363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Storage and Bioenergy: Using Forests for Climate Mitigation","authors":"Alice Favero, R. Mendelsohn, B. Sohngen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2741005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2741005","url":null,"abstract":"The carbon mitigation literature has separately considered using forests to store carbon and as a source of bioenergy. In this paper, we look at both options to reach a 2°C mitigation target. This paper combines the global forest model, GTM, with the IAM WITCH model to study the optimal use of forestland to reach an aggressive global mitigation target. The analysis confirms that using both options is preferable to using either one alone. At first, while carbon prices are low, forest carbon storage dominates. However, when carbon prices pass $235/tCO2, wood bioenergy with CCS becomes increasingly important as a mechanism to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The use of both mechanisms increases global forestland at the expense of marginal cropland. While the storage program dominates, natural forestland expands. But when the wood bioenergy program starts, natural forestland shrinks as more forests become managed for higher yields.","PeriodicalId":442837,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126313563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Forest and Land Fire Programs: How Lessons from the Past Should Inform Future Fire Management in Indonesia","authors":"Muyanja-Ssenyonga Jameaba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2719611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2719611","url":null,"abstract":"The article assesses forest and land fire programs in Indonesia in general and factors which have hindered the formulation and implementation of effective programs involving all stakeholders, as well as drawing lessons from the past to prevent, mitigate and stop the occurrence of forest and land fires. Findings indicate that, while lessons learned are many and varied, sustaining support for forest fire programs after peak periods in fires (for instance during 1997-1998 period) is no mean feat.The multiplicity of forest and land fire management programs is also another intractable problem. The diversity of program implementers with their respective interests, motivations, and objectives means that coordination is extremely difficult. Differences in priorities between the central government and regional governments where forest and land fire programs are implemented are yet another recurrent problem that has remained elusive. Poor coordination compounded by non-involvement of some key actors in the formulation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of forest and land fire management programs, has had the implication that most programs have by and large been project oriented, rather than being part and parcel of an integrated, sustainable resource management and development policy at both the central and local government level.Doubtless, program effectiveness and acceptability have been undermined. Ownership of forest fire programs does not go beyond those directly involved in implementing them, making their sustainability at best difficult and at worst, impossible. Equally important is the recurrent theme that bedevils all disaster management in Indonesia, which is the over emphasis on emergency response. The paradigm shift as manifested in Act No. 24/2007, which arguably is supposed to improve disaster management by integrating it into development planning at the national and local government level, guarantee funding in national and regional government budgets, and establishment of regional disaster management chapters has yet to show improvement in higher effectiveness of disaster management at all levels. Bickering between various components at the central government level, as well as those in regional governments, means that concerted action is still not possible. The delineation of roles and responsibilities of central government agencies and those in the regional governments is still murky making it liable to different interpretations depending on who one talks to. In the meantime, forest and land fires continue to burn invaluable forests and landscape each yea, albeit at modest rates.Low sense of belonging among the local population for forests and landscape in their vicinity, implies that they don’t feel duty bound to protect the forests and landscape and attendant biodiversity. Poor forestry management practices, which have become a common feature of forest concession holders, do not make things any better. Poor forest management pr","PeriodicalId":442837,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN eJournal","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122101365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Harvestability of Existing Pinus Radiata Stands: 2013-2030 Projections of Stumpage Profits from Pre-90 and Post-89 Forests","authors":"Matthew Thirkettle, Suzi Kerr","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2668389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2668389","url":null,"abstract":"Our goal is to predict which forests are harvestable in New Zealand each year, and the stumpage profits attained from harvesting. We begin by documenting how Motu updates the 2008 Land Use in Rural New Zealand map to match the 2013 National Exotic Forest Description planted forest dataset. We then produce forest stand maps for the years 2013-2030. Last, we describe how we assign stumpage profits, and the distribution of stumpage profits over the simulation years (2013-2030). We find that stumpage profits are: always positive; increasing through time (2013-2030); lowest (on average) in the West Coast; and highest (on average) in the North Island East Coast. Our results suggest that forest owners will always harvest given that they have already incurred planting and growing costs. Limitations in data, including the need to use averages of yields and some costs across wide areas, and the effect of market conditions, and their role in determining the pace and average age at which the estate is harvested, mean that the true distribution of stumpage profits is likely to be wider. Those most likely to not harvest would be those with low estimated stumpage.","PeriodicalId":442837,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN eJournal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124464884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}