{"title":"Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity in Shale Reservoirs","authors":"Javed Akbar Khan, E. Padmanabhan, Izhar ul Haq","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.100473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100473","url":null,"abstract":"Optimum conductivity is essential for hydraulic fracturing due to its significant role in maintaining productivity. Hydraulic fracture networks with required fracture conductivities are decisive for the cost-effective production from unconventional shale reservoirs. Fracture conductivity reduces significantly in shale formations due to the high embedment of proppants. In this research, the mechanical properties of shale samples from Sungai Perlis beds, Terengganu, Malaysia, have been used for computational contact analysis of proppant between fracture surfaces. The finite element code in ANSYS is used to simulate the formation/proppant contact-impact behavior in the fracture surface. In the numerical analysis, a material property of proppant and formation characteristics is introduced based on experimental investigation. The influences of formation load and resulted deformation of formation are calculated by total penetration of proppant. It has been found that the formation stresses on both sides of fractured result in high penetration of proppant in the fracture surfaces, although proppant remains un-deformed.","PeriodicalId":441422,"journal":{"name":"Hydraulic Fracturing [Working Title]","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123414121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Geochemical and Geo-Mechanical Impact of Clay-Fluid Interactions Relevant to Hydraulic Fracturing","authors":"G. Awejori, M. Radonjic","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.98881","url":null,"abstract":"Shale rocks are an integral part of petroleum systems. Though, originally viewed primarily as source and seal rocks, introduction of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies have essentially redefined the role of shale rocks in unconventional reservoirs. In the geological setting, the deposition, formation and transformation of sedimentary rocks are characterised by interactions between their clay components and formation fluids at subsurface elevated temperatures and pressures. The main driving forces in evolution of any sedimentary rock formation are geochemistry (chemistry of solids and fluids) and geomechanics (earth stresses). During oil and gas production, clay minerals are exposed to engineered fluids, which initiate further reactions with significant implications. Application of hydraulic fracturing in shale formations also means exposure and reaction between shale clay minerals and hydraulic fracturing fluids. This chapter presents an overview of currently available published literature on interactions between formation clay minerals and fluids in the subsurface. The overview is particularly focused on the geochemical and geomechanical impacts of interactions between formation clays and hydraulic fracturing fluids, with the goal to identify knowledge gaps and new research questions on the subject.","PeriodicalId":441422,"journal":{"name":"Hydraulic Fracturing [Working Title]","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126171089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}