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Low-Cost Options for Pathogen Reduction and Nutrient Recovery from Faecal Sludge 从粪便污泥中减少病原体和养分回收的低成本选择
Wastewater Irrigation and Health Pub Date : 2009-12-16 DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666-20
D. Koné, O. Cofie, K. Nelson
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引用次数: 22
Risk Analysis and Epidemiology: The 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture 风险分析和流行病学:2006年世卫组织农业废水安全使用准则
Wastewater Irrigation and Health Pub Date : 2009-12-16 DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666-13
D. Mara, R. Bos
{"title":"Risk Analysis and Epidemiology: The 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture","authors":"D. Mara, R. Bos","doi":"10.4324/9781849774666-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774666-13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the required pathogen reductions recommended in the 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater in agriculture, which are based on a tolerable additional burden of disease of ≤10–6 Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) loss per person per year. The quantitative microbial risk-analysis technique, combined with 10,000-trial Monte Carlo risk simulations, is detailed here and the resulting estimates of median risk for various levels of pathogen reduction for exposure via restricted and unrestricted irrigation are also presented. This enables the selection of suitable combinations of pathogen reduction measures (wastewater treatment and post-treatment health-protection measures) to be selected, so that the resulting additional burden of disease does not exceed 10–6 DALY loss per person per year.","PeriodicalId":437855,"journal":{"name":"Wastewater Irrigation and Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131423990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Human and Environmental Health Risks from Chemical Constituents in Wastewater 减少废水中化学成分对人类和环境健康风险的基于农场的措施
Wastewater Irrigation and Health Pub Date : 2009-12-16 DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666-22
R. Simmons, M. Qadir, P. Drechsel
{"title":"Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Human and Environmental Health Risks from Chemical Constituents in Wastewater","authors":"R. Simmons, M. Qadir, P. Drechsel","doi":"10.4324/9781849774666-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774666-22","url":null,"abstract":"In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).","PeriodicalId":437855,"journal":{"name":"Wastewater Irrigation and Health","volume":"121 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120932176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Microbiological Health Risks for Consumers from Informal Wastewater-Irrigated Agriculture 减少非正规废水灌溉农业对消费者的微生物健康风险的基于农场的措施
Wastewater Irrigation and Health Pub Date : 2009-12-16 DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666-21
B. Keraita, F. Konradsen, P. Drechsel
{"title":"Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Microbiological Health Risks for Consumers from Informal Wastewater-Irrigated Agriculture","authors":"B. Keraita, F. Konradsen, P. Drechsel","doi":"10.4324/9781849774666-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774666-21","url":null,"abstract":"In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).","PeriodicalId":437855,"journal":{"name":"Wastewater Irrigation and Health","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124904140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Wastewater Treatment for Pathogen Removal and Nutrient Conservation: Suitable Systems for Use in Developing Countries 用于去除病原体和保存营养物的废水处理:适合发展中国家使用的系统
Wastewater Irrigation and Health Pub Date : 2009-12-16 DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666-19
B. Jiménez, D. Mara, R. Carr, F. Brissaud
{"title":"Wastewater Treatment for Pathogen Removal and Nutrient Conservation: Suitable Systems for Use in Developing Countries","authors":"B. Jiménez, D. Mara, R. Carr, F. Brissaud","doi":"10.4324/9781849774666-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774666-19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarizes the main characteristics of wastewater treatment processes, especially those suitable for use in developing countries, from the perspective of their potential to produce an effluent suitable for safe agricultural irrigation; it thus concentrates on pathogen removal and nutrient conservation. Wastewater treatment processes are divided into two principal categories: ‘natural’ systems which do not rely on the consumption of large amounts of electrical energy and which are therefore more suitable for use in developing countries; and conventional electromechanical systems which are wholly energy-dependent and which, if used in low income regions, require high levels of financial investment for their construction and skilled manpower for their successful operation and maintenance. The removal of viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminthic pathogens achieved by the most commonly used natural and conventional treatment processes are detailed, and recommendations are made for process selection. 150 MINIMIZING HEALTH RISKS","PeriodicalId":437855,"journal":{"name":"Wastewater Irrigation and Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124864493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Interventions for Diarrhoeal Disease Reduction among Consumers of Wastewater-Irrigated Lettuce in Ghana 加纳废水灌溉生菜消费者减少腹泻病干预措施的成本效益分析
Wastewater Irrigation and Health Pub Date : 2009-12-16 DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666-24
R. Seidu, P. Drechsel
{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Interventions for Diarrhoeal Disease Reduction among Consumers of Wastewater-Irrigated Lettuce in Ghana","authors":"R. Seidu, P. Drechsel","doi":"10.4324/9781849774666-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774666-24","url":null,"abstract":"In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).","PeriodicalId":437855,"journal":{"name":"Wastewater Irrigation and Health","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115736390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Tools for Risk Analysis: Updating the 2006 WHO Guidelines 风险分析工具:更新2006年世卫组织指南
Wastewater Irrigation and Health Pub Date : 2009-12-16 DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666-15
D. Mara, A. Hamilton, A. Sleigh, N. Karavarsamis, R. Seidu
{"title":"Tools for Risk Analysis: Updating the 2006 WHO Guidelines","authors":"D. Mara, A. Hamilton, A. Sleigh, N. Karavarsamis, R. Seidu","doi":"10.4324/9781849774666-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774666-15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews developments since the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture were published in 2006. The six main developments are: the recognition that the tolerable additional disease burden may be too stringent for many developing countries; the benefits of focusing on single-event infection risks as a measure of outbreak potential when evaluating risk acceptability; a more rigorous method for estimating annual risks; the availability of dose-response data for norovirus; the use of QMRA to estimate Ascaris infection risks; and a detailed evaluation of pathogen reductions achieved by produce-washing and disinfection. Application of the developments results in more realistic estimates of the pathogen reductions required for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and consequently permits the use of simpler wastewater treatment processes.","PeriodicalId":437855,"journal":{"name":"Wastewater Irrigation and Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127439932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
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