PsychNology J.最新文献

{"title":"Predicting preference from fixations","authors":"M. Glaholt, Mei-Chun Wu, E. Reingold","doi":"10.1037/e527342012-455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e527342012-455","url":null,"abstract":"We measured the strength of the association between looking behaviour and preference. Participants selected the most preferred face out of a grid of 8 faces. Fixation times were correlated with selection on a trial-by-trial basis, as well as with explicit preference ratings. Furthermore, by ranking features based on fixation times, we were able to successfully predict participants' preferences for novel feature combinations in a two-alternative forced choice task. In addition, we obtained a similar pattern of findings in a very different stimulus domain: mock company logos. Our results indicated that fixation times can be used to predict selection in large arrays and they might also be employed to estimate preferences for whole stimuli as well as their constituent features.","PeriodicalId":428619,"journal":{"name":"PsychNology J.","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124103434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakdown analysis","authors":"A. Spagnolli, L. Gamberini, Daniele Gasparini","doi":"10.1201/b12800-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/b12800-44","url":null,"abstract":"It is a widely-supported tenet in human-computer interaction that the meaningful unit of analysis is not the technical device alone, but the technical device together with the person interacting with it; the reason is that what is a relevant property of a technology is only understandable with respect to the specific goals and resources activated during its usage. This basic reflection should also inspire the procedure followed to evaluate the usability of a technology, namely its efficiency and satisfaction for a specific class of users. The topic of this paper is precisely to describe a method developed in compliance with this observation and aimed at evaluating the usability of virtual environments. Two main requirements were set forth: first, the method should take the strong connection between humans and technology as its building block, by linking a property of the virtual environment to a particular use that makes that property relevant. To this goal, action has been placed at the center of the analysis; the functional properties of the VE are then observed in the general economy of users’ interaction with the technology and the whole ensemble is the appropriate object of evaluation. Such ‘action-based’ approach (Gamberini, Spagnolli, 2002) is reminiscent of the Situated Action theory (Suchman, 1987) and Activity Theory (Nardi, 1996); the former proposes a detailed analysis of the sequential interaction with the technology and provides a rich examination of the structure given to it by the users. The latter focuses more on specific phenomena, such as contradictions and breakdowns, identified by the evaluators; it allows to profit from data poor in comments and verbalizations, and to analyze the interaction with the technology from a structural and organizational level. As a second requisite for the method, we wanted it to benefit from the advantages of both approaches; thus we decided to concentrate on the breakdowns occurring during users’ interaction with the VE but to study these episodes from a situated point of view. In our definition, breakdowns reveal an inappropriate interpretation of the possibilities for action offered by the virtual environment and are to be analyzed in their sequential, contextual unfolding. This version of breakdown analysis highlights the spontaneous, subjective problems in the use of a technology and connects them to specific aspects of users’ action. It renews the ergonomic tradition of error studies (Reason, 1990; Rasmussen, 1980) with an ethnographic contamination, that pays attention to users’ contextualized practices. It also suits the kind of data the interaction with a virtual environment is mostly made of, namely bodily action in a three-dimensional space. Few methods with these characteristics have been employed so far to analyze the interaction with the VE. After a brief introduction, the paper will describe the basics of this approach and illustrate them with instances from the evaluation of a vir","PeriodicalId":428619,"journal":{"name":"PsychNology J.","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131757172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the special issue","authors":"L. Ardissono, A. Goy, F. Paternò","doi":"10.13186/group.40.1.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13186/group.40.1.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The recent expansion of the Internet has opened the avenue to services supporting the access to remote data repositories, the search for information and documents, and the execution of various everyday activities, such as home banking and e-government. Moreover, the research about intelligent systems has enabled the human user to remotely pilot smart machines performing difficult or dangerous tasks. Unfortunately, the development of user interfaces supporting the interaction with complex services and devices has not kept the pace with the technological development, so that the potential offered by the technology is challenged by the limited usability of the new products and services. The gap between the user-oriented view of the offered service and the technical level concerning its implementation has to be filled in order to make machines and software systems acceptable to the end-user. Moreover, the user's trust in automated systems has to be enhanced, by taking predictability and controllability issues into account. The design and development of usable user interfaces has attracted the attention of various research communities. For instance, the Human Computer Interaction research has focused on the definition of methodologies for the development of user interfaces that meet the user's interaction requirements during the life cycle of products and services. Moreover, the User Modeling and Intelligent User Interfaces research has focused on the definition of techniques for the dynamic adaptation of services to the individual user's preferences. Furthermore, within the Adaptive Hypermedia field, researchers have developed Web-based systems that tailor the content, the interaction and the layout to the needs of users having heterogeneous knowledge, interests, and exploiting different devices to interact with the services (e.g., smart phones, PDAs, portable and desktop computers). Fundamental challenges that must be addressed in order to make products and services widely usable include: • The adaptation of User Interfaces to the user's device and to multiple communication channels, as well as to bandwidth and other related constraints. • The mediation between the user's interaction requirements and the technical aspects underlying the service execution. • The enhancement of the usability of automated decision makers and the satisfaction of user's requirements concerning the predictability and controllability of their behavior. • The support for ubiquitous and multimodal interaction with the user, taking not only technical issues, but also accessibility and pleasure requirements into account. • The availability of infrastructures facilitating the development of multi-platform services. • The provision of adaptive features and direct …","PeriodicalId":428619,"journal":{"name":"PsychNology J.","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129795945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}