{"title":"Secularizing a Sacred Empire","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132637671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China’s Struggle for Survival and the New Darwinist Conception of International Society (1895–1911)","authors":"M. Carrai","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.004","url":null,"abstract":"The two Opium Wars, the internal rebellions, the continuous encroachment of Western powers, and, in particular, the Qing-Meji War of 1894–1895 “forever changed China’s interpretation of herself in inter-state relations.” After the Qing-Meji War, Qing official Zhang Zhidong warned in his book China’s Only Hope that “in no period of China’s history has there arisen an emergency like the present,” and suggested the modern intercourse of nations as a means of Enlightenment. The principles of equality among nations, sovereignty, and international law became the framework within which Chinese intellectuals and diplomats articulated China’s subjectivity for the sake of strengthening its weak position in the international arena – and of its very survival. Qing claims to supreme authority were no longer sustainable, and having lost Korea, the last stronghold for the symbolic, fictional projection of its universal imperium, Qing intellectuals were forced to rethink China’s role in Asia and the world.","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117248870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical Legacies, Globalization, and Chinese Sovereignty since 1989","authors":"M. Carrai","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.007","url":null,"abstract":"The PRC’s impressive economic rise, starting with the opening-up reforms of the late 1970s, coincided with a transformation of the international system and doctrinal debates about international law that questioned sovereignty’s role and meaning. Over the past thirty years, sovereignty, the principle of noninterference, and relations between state and individual have gradually transformed to favor individuals and their rights. Due to China’s seemingly absolutist position on sovereignty, which alongside security and development defines its core interests, it has been criticized by many Western scholars as a stronghold of Westphalian sovereignty, where sovereignty has become a static concept rather than an idea in flux, as Allen Carlson claims: “Chinese policies preserved a static interpretation of territorial sovereignty, [and] promoted an unyielding and increasingly combative stance on jurisdictional sovereignty.”","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131371883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"International Law and the Sinocentric Ritual System","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132676316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121394138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China Rejoining the World and Its Fictional Sovereignty, 1912–1949","authors":"M. Carrai","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.005","url":null,"abstract":"As Wellington Koo, one of the great diplomats of the republican period, emphatically stated, after the Wuchang uprising of 1911 and the revolution that overthrew China’s last dynasty, the sacred source of imperial authority was replaced by the new people of the emerging Chinese nation. Despite a final failed attempt by Yuan Shikai to restore the imperial order in 1916, China was no longer considered by its ruling elite as a central sacral empire with an imperium that expanded potentially universally. It was now one nation among many, whose relations with other countries were no longer articulated through the tribute system or ritual justice but by the rules of international law and a fully fledged Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This period has often been seen as one during which China disintegrated until Mao Zedong’s rule, under which it was reunified.","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130673104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133907293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123194783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Proletarian Revolution to Peaceful Coexistence","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108564861.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564861.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":428270,"journal":{"name":"Sovereignty in China","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134397369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}