ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Invitations, Incentives, and Conditions: A Randomized Evaluation of Demand-Side Interventions for Health Screenings in Armenia","authors":"D. de Walque, Adanna Chukwuma, Nono Ayivi-Guedehoussou, M. Koshkakaryan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3666876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3666876","url":null,"abstract":"The study is a randomized controlled trial that investigates the impact of four demand-side interventions on health screening for diabetes and hypertension among Armenian adults ages 35-68 who had not been tested in the last 12 months. The interventions are personal invitations from a physician (intervention group 1), personal invitations with information about peer screening behavior (intervention group 2), a labeled but unconditional cash transfer in the form of a pharmacy voucher (intervention group 3), and a conditional cash transfer in the form of a pharmacy voucher (intervention group 4). Compared with the control group in which only 3.5 percent of participants went for both screenings during the study period, interventions 1 to 3 led to a significant increase in the screening rate of about 15 percentage points among participants. The highest intervention impact was measured among recipients in intervention group 4, whose uptake of screening on both tests increased by 31.2 percentage points. The levels of cost-effectiveness of intervention groups 1, 2, and 4 are similar while for intervention group 3 it is about twice more expensive per additional person screened.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132611041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing Methods to Increase Consumption of Healthy Foods: Evidence From a School-Based Field Experiment in Viet Nam","authors":"Trang Nguyen, A. de Brauw, Marrit van den Berg, Ha Thi Phuong Do","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.133777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133777","url":null,"abstract":"Schools are an attractive entry point to improve children’s diets, as their eating habits can be shaped during childhood and the information disseminated from school can reach adults through children. We implemented a cluster-randomized trial in 12 schools in peri-urban Viet Nam to assess if two school-based interventions increased knowledge of healthy diets among children and their parents, as well as children’s consumption of healthy foods. First, children were given lessons about food before school lunch and encouraged to share the lessons with their parents. Second, children were provided with healthy snacks for five weeks to reinforce messages about healthy eating. We found that in the short term, the nutrition lessons raised the knowledge index score of the children by 0.35 standard deviation. After six months, this intervention retained its effectiveness only for the children who also received free access to fruit, emphasizing the linkage between knowledge and practice. By itself, free access to fruit at school increased the children’s daily fruit consumption by half a portion, but not at the expense of home fruit consumption. Access to healthy foods at school can therefore be an effective measure to raise children’s healthy consumption. Child-parent communication was not a reliable channel for knowledge dissemination in our setting.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133056287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Natural Experiments: Bridging Economics and Economic History","authors":"Davide Cantoni, Noam Yuchtman","doi":"10.3386/w26754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26754","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of historical natural experiments has profoundly impacted economics research across fields. We trace the development and increasing application of the methodology, both from the perspective of economic historians and from the perspective of economists in other subdisciplines. We argue that the historical natural experiment represents a methodological bridge between economic history and other fields: historians are able to use the cutting edge identification strategies emphasized by applied microeconomists; economists across subfields are able to scour history for useful identifying variation; development and growth economists are able to trace the historical roots of contemporary outcomes. Differences in fields suggest differences in scholars' aims of studying historical natural experiments. We propose a taxonomy of three primary motives that reflect priorities in different fields: historians aim to understand causal processes within specific settings. Economists across fields aim to identify \"clean\" historical events (in whatever context) to test hypotheses of theoretical interest or estimate causal parameters. And, growth and development economists aim to identify past variation that can be causally linked to contemporary outcomes of interest. We summarize important contributions made by research in each category. Finally, we close with a brief discussion of challenges facing each category of work.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124868691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numbers, Trends or Norms: What Changes People's Support for Aid?","authors":"Terence Wood","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2885536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2885536","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of literature exists studying public support for foreign aid in donor countries. To-date, however, most of this work has focused on publics’ views as they currently stand. In this paper I report on the outcomes of three separate survey experiments undertaken to see whether different information can change existing views about aid volumes. Each of these experiments was undertaken using online samples of approximately 1,000 Australian survey participants who were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. In all three experiments the control group was asked a very basic question about whether they wanted Australian government aid increased or decreased. Each treatment group was asked the same question but with some additional information. In the first experiment treated participants were given information on how little aid the Australian government gives. In the second experiment treated participants were shown how Australian aid has declined as a share of Gross National Income over time. In the third experiment treated participants were given information comparing recent aid cuts in Australia to increases in aid in the United Kingdom. Of these three treatments, the first had no effect and the second had only a very marginal effect. The third treatment, however, had an effect that was both statistically and substantively significant, raising support for aid increases and decreasing support for aid cuts. As I discuss these findings, I discuss the psychological processes that likely explain them. I highlight how motivated reasoning probably explains the broad absence of findings in the first two experiments and I contend that a desire to conform to international norms is the most likely explanation of the third treatment.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"12 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125637140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home Price Expectations and Behavior: Evidence from a Randomized Information Experiment","authors":"Luis Armona, A. Fuster, basit. zafar","doi":"10.1093/RESTUD/RDY038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/RESTUD/RDY038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Home price expectations are believed to play an important role in housing dynamics, yet we have limited understanding of how they are formed and how they affect behaviour. Using a unique “information experiment” embedded in an online survey, this article investigates how consumers’ home price expectations respond to past home price growth, and how they impact investment decisions. After eliciting respondents’ priors about past and future local home price changes, we present a random subset of them with factual information about past (one- or five-year) changes, and then re-elicit expectations. This unique “panel” data allows us to identify causal effects of the information, and provides insights on the expectation formation process. We find that, on average, year-ahead home price expectations are revised in a way consistent with short-term momentum in home price growth, though respondents tend to underpredict the strength of momentum. Revisions of longer-term expectations show that respondents do not expect the empirically-occurring mean reversion in home price growth. These patterns are in line with recent behavioural models of housing cycles. Finally, we show that home price expectations causally affect investment decisions in a portfolio choice experiment embedded in the survey.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128835158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized Control Trials in the United States Legal Profession","authors":"D. Greiner, Andrea Matthews","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2726614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2726614","url":null,"abstract":"We assemble studies within a set that we label randomized control trials (RCTs) in the US legal profession. These studies are field experiments conducted for the purpose of obtaining knowledge in which randomization replaces a decision that would otherwise have been made by a member of the US legal profession. We use our assembly of approximately 50 studies to begin addressing the question of why the US legal profession, in contrast to the US medical profession, has resisted the use of the RCT as a knowledge-generating device.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131861911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Illiteracy and Pension Contributions: A Field Experiment on Compound Interest in China","authors":"Changcheng Song","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2580856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2580856","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 I conduct a field experiment to study the relationship between peoples’ misunderstanding of compound interest and their pension contributions in rural China. I find that explaining the concept of compound interest to subjects increased pension contributions by roughly 40%. The treatment effect is larger for those who underestimate compound interest than for those who overestimate compound interest. Moreover, financial education enables households to partially correct their misunderstanding of compound interest. I structurally estimate the level of misunderstanding of compound interest and conduct a counterfactual welfare analysis: lifetime utility increases by about 10% if subjects’ misunderstanding of compound interest is eliminated.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116302736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income Attraction: An Online Dating Field Experiment","authors":"David Ong, Jue Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2563583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2563583","url":null,"abstract":"We measured gender differences in preferences for mate income ex-ante to interaction (“income attraction”) in a field experiment on one of China's largest online dating websites. To rule out unobserved factors correlated with income as the basis of attraction, we randomly assigned income levels to 360 artificial profiles and recorded the incomes of nearly 4000 “visits” to full versions of these profiles from search engine results, which displayed abbreviated versions. We found that men of all income levels visited our female profiles of different income levels at roughly equal rates. In contrast, women of all income levels visited our male profiles with higher incomes at higher rates. Surprisingly, these higher rates increased with the women's own incomes and even jumped discontinuously when the male profiles’ incomes went above that of the women's own. Our male profiles with the highest level of income received 10 times more visits than the lowest. This gender difference in ex-ante preferences for mate income could help explain marriage and spousal income patterns found in prior empirical studies.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129094429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spam and Botnet Reputation Randomized Control Trials and Policy","authors":"J. Quarterman, Leigh L. Linden, Q. Tang, G. Lee, Andrew Whinston","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2242581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2242581","url":null,"abstract":"Designing randomized control trials (RCT) of reputational effects of spam and botnet rankings as proxies for Internet security has interesting challenges. These challenges are related to the policy issues such reputation is intended to address. Building on preliminary results and the public SpamRankings.net top 10 rankings per country by spam volume from two anti-spam blocklists (see TPRC 2012 [1] and 2011 [2] papers), formal RCT experiments provide another level of evidence. However, using RCT with thousands of organizations in treatment and control groups raises numerous difficulties in non-homogeneous legal and organizational regimes and methods of active disclosure of comparable rankins across peer groups. Fortunately most of these difficulties can be turned to advantages, and all have policy implications. These complications compared to RCTs of more traditional econometric one-shot surveys with single publication arise because the subject of these field experiments is the live Internet in real time with ongoing updated treatments. The experimental treatments themselves act as information security (infosec), since their purpose is to use reputation to cause internal improvements in infosec in treated companies. treatments thus must adapt to changes in conditions in the Internet as they happen. Like other infosec, to be effective the treatments must also be portable across departments within treated organizations plus customers and investors, and the experimental team itself crosses Economics, Information Systems, and Computer Science. If the experiments demonstrate statistical evidence that this reputational approach works, such results will provide a new policy approach of reputational rankings, plus the beginnings of tools to apply that approach, ranging from the public treatments themselves to drilldowns into underlying details of the symptoms causing good or bad reputation. Difficulties encountered include: 1) Differing sensitivities of different blocklists to spam from certain sources; sensitivities that change over time as the blocklists adapt to new miscreant behavior. Approach: A weighted composite ranking based on both spam volume and spamming address count from at least two different blocklists. 2) Heterogeneity of legal regimes and other characteristics across countries. Approach: Initial experiments within a single country (the U.S.), perhaps followed by clustered RCT using countries as clusters. 3) Availability of organizational characterization information for stratification by industry (finance, medical, etc.) and within industry (ISPs or hosting, telephone company or cable company, etc.). Approach: Start with the U.S., for which this information is relatively readily available in homogeneous form. 4) Public visibility is necessary for reputation so that customers and investors of treated organizations can see the treatments, yet limits flexibility of experimental treatments, since an ongoing, regularly updated treatment once d","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129262100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Price Matter in Charitable Giving? Evidence from a Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment","authors":"Dean S. Karlan, J. List","doi":"10.1257/AER.97.5.1774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/AER.97.5.1774","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a natural field experiment to explore the effect of price changes on charitable contributions. To operationalize our tests, we examine whether an offer to match contributions to a non-profit organization changes the likelihood and amount that an individual donates. Direct mail solicitations were sent to over 50,000 prior donors. We find that the match offer increases both the revenue per solicitation and the probability that an individual donates. While comparisons of the match treatments and the control group consistently reveal this pattern, larger match ratios (i.e., $3:$1 and $2:$1) relative to smaller match ratios ($1:$1) had no additional impact. The results have clear implications for practitioners in the design of fundraising campaigns and provide avenues for future empirical and theoretical work on charitable giving. Further, the data provide an interesting test of important methods used in cost-benefit analysis.","PeriodicalId":412977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Primary Taxonomy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127143688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}