Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom最新文献

Mixed-Heritage Identities in the Eighteenth Century 18世纪的混合遗产身份

Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom Pub Date : 2020-09-27 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0005

A. Wilkinson

引用次数: 0

Children of Mixed Lineage in the Colonial Chesapeake 切萨皮克殖民地的混血儿童

Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom Pub Date : 2020-09-27 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0003

A. Wilkinson

{"title":"Children of Mixed Lineage in the Colonial Chesapeake","authors":"A. Wilkinson","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The second chapter follows the development of English society’s response to the rise of mixed-heritage children in the colonial Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland from the 1690s into the early eighteenth century. This was a critical period for the establishment of hypodescent ideology in North America, as colonial officials in both Virginia and Maryland passed laws that sought to prohibit interracial relationships and inhibit racial intermixture. Colonial magistrates and planters wanted to regulate “Mulattoes” in order to keep them in bondage and many cases appear in county and provincial court records that identify longer period of indentured servitude and punishment for “white” Europeans, especially women, who engaged in relationships with “Negro,” “Indian,” and “Mulatto” men. Cases of “bastardy” and “fornication” began to appear with greater regularly in the Tidewater Chesapeake and often included additional punishment for interracial unions, along with thirty or thirty-one years of servitude for Mulatto children with “white” mothers, as colonists established that slavery would pass through the maternal line.","PeriodicalId":406635,"journal":{"name":"Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116140918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Mulattoes and Mustees in the Northern Colonies and Carolinas 北方殖民地和卡罗来纳的黑白混血儿和黑人

Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom Pub Date : 2020-09-27 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0004

A. Wilkinson

{"title":"Mulattoes and Mustees in the Northern Colonies and Carolinas","authors":"A. Wilkinson","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The third chapter moves outside of the Chesapeake, first into Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and New England, and then into the Carolinas. Colonial histories are provided for the northern colonies, where there were comparatively fewer Mulattoes, due to generally lower numbers of Africans in these regions. This chapter also explores the southern region of Carolina, giving a history of the development of North Carolina and South Carolina, while highlighting their respective response to intermixture. Initially, both colonies did not prohibit intermixture and the numbers of mixed-heritage people climbed, especially in the Lowcountry of South Carolina. In the early eighteenth century, North Carolina administrators began to mirror Virginia and Maryland by following stricter forms of hypodescent and legislating against “persons of mixed blood.” As in the Caribbean, South Carolina took a comparatively more lax approach to intermixture with Europeans. Mixture between Africans and Native Americans was most prevalent, due to the importation of Africans and the English involvement with the “Indian” slave trade. In all the English colonies, people mixed with Indigenous ancestry could be referred to as Mulattoes, but in South Carolina another mixed-race term, “Mustee,” emerged from the Spanish mestizo.\u0000","PeriodicalId":406635,"journal":{"name":"Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom","volume":"338 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122833786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mulatto Marriages, Partnerships, and Intimate Connections 黑白混血儿的婚姻、伙伴关系和亲密关系

Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom Pub Date : 2020-09-27 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0006

A. Wilkinson

{"title":"Mulatto Marriages, Partnerships, and Intimate Connections","authors":"A. Wilkinson","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Racial identity based in gender and class hierarchy influenced how mixed-heritage people entered into intimate partnerships and the fifth chapter largely explores the many ways in which Mulatto women voluntarily chose, were coerced, or forced into marriage, partnerships, and other intimate connections. The choices of mixed-heritage women in the colonial period were limited and many used the tools they had to seek liberty or greater everyday freedoms for themselves and for their children, often times through European men. This chapter explores the Mulatto escape hatch or the idea whereby multigenerational mixture or successive generations of intermixture with Europeans allowed people of mixed ancestry to move into whiteness. Mixed-heritage women with some European ancestry knew that partnering with European men would increase the likelihood that their children would have lighter skin and therefor increase opportunities for social advancement. Mulatto men were less likely to partner with European women, and most often married and entered into relationships with other women of color. Some of these relationships are also discussed in the colony of Georgia.","PeriodicalId":406635,"journal":{"name":"Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132553913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Blended Ancestry 混合血统的优点和缺点

Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom Pub Date : 2020-09-27 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0007

A. Wilkinson

{"title":"The Advantages and Disadvantages of Blended Ancestry","authors":"A. Wilkinson","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The sixth chapter examines how Mulattoes and other people of mixed ancestry sought to access freedom within the British empire of North America and the Caribbean. While the overwhelming majority of mixed-heritage people languished under some form of bondage, when considering those of African ancestry, Mulattoes had comparative advantages when seeking to gain and maintain liberty. Both qualitative evidence and quantitative data show that Mulattoes benefitted from light-skinned privilege and other connections to European whiteness. Mulattoes made up the majority of free people of color in regions such as the Chesapeake and Caribbean, as well as in other regions. Mulatto numbers in Jamaica, Maryland, and Virginia are examined in this chapter and compared with other French and Spanish colonies. While Mulatto privilege generally existed in the colonial period, this must always be juxtaposed with the disadvantages that mixed ancestry and hypodescent brought in the everyday lives of slaves and free people of color. Compared to those European colonists, mixed-heritage people had to fight to maintain freedom in colonial societies as are commonly seen in runaway slave advertisements, which are also explored up through 1775 in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":406635,"journal":{"name":"Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126272879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Conclusion 结论

Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom Pub Date : 2020-09-27 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658995.003.0008

A. Wilkinson

引用次数: 0