Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment最新文献

Uses and Misuses of Agricultural Pesticides in Africa: Neglected Public Health Threats for Workers and Population 非洲农业农药的使用和滥用:对工人和人口的被忽视的公共健康威胁

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment Pub Date : 2019-07-17 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84566

Pouokam Guy Bertrand

{"title":"Uses and Misuses of Agricultural Pesticides in Africa: Neglected Public Health Threats for Workers and Population","authors":"Pouokam Guy Bertrand","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84566","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides are use in agriculture for their capacity to reduce pest and protect foods. Since their introduction in Africa by colonial masters, the use of these chemicals is constantly growing. Herbicides and insecticides are the two dominant categories. Although they are used in small quantities by farmers who own small exploitation, the frequency of their use, as well as overuses and misuses, constitutes serious factors of exposure and health risks. Farm workers are more vulner-able to occupational effects from pesticide inhalation and skin contacts. Failure to wear protective equipment and observe good agricultural practices explained health symptoms that are frequently experienced: eye and skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Population is subject to chronic health effects due to repeated dietary intake of pesticides. Most consumed staple foods on the continent (cereals, vegetables, and fruits) have been found to be contaminated by one or multiple residues of pesticides. The level of residues is often higher than regula-tory limits. Organization of surveillance programs to monitor concentration of pesticide residues remains inexistent in most countries, same for toxicovigilance systems to documented poisoning cases. Current data underline the need to carry out pesticide health risk assessment in order to appreciate the threats they pose for public health.","PeriodicalId":401105,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126337850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Metabolic Impairments Caused by Pesticides in Mammals and Their Interactions with Other Pollutants 农药引起的哺乳动物代谢损伤及其与其他污染物的相互作用

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment Pub Date : 2019-04-16 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84966

G. Rodríguez-Moro, A. Arias-Borrego, S. Ramírez-Acosta, Francisco Navarro-Roldán, Nieves Abril-Díaz, Rut Fernández-Torre, M. Bello-López, J. Gómez-Ariza, T. García-Barrera

{"title":"Metabolic Impairments Caused by Pesticides in Mammals and Their Interactions with Other Pollutants","authors":"G. Rodríguez-Moro, A. Arias-Borrego, S. Ramírez-Acosta, Francisco Navarro-Roldán, Nieves Abril-Díaz, Rut Fernández-Torre, M. Bello-López, J. Gómez-Ariza, T. García-Barrera","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84966","url":null,"abstract":"The biological systems are exposed to a complex environment in which the contaminants can interact in a synergistic/antagonistic fashion and for this reason, the study of “ chemical cocktails ” is of great interest to fully understand the final biological effect. To evaluate the final biological response of a pollutant, it is essential to have an adequate analytical methodology that allows the correct monitoring of environmental systems in order to establish their quality, and, when appropriate, the application of corrective measures. Undoubtedly, massive methods “ the omics ” are among the most efficient current tools. To this end, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and chemical speciation can provide very useful information, mainly when they are combined. However, the combination of proteomics with metabolomics has some drawbacks as the temporal space is different (i.e. metabolomics gives information about what happens right now, but it can be related with numerous post-translational modifications happened previously). In this sense, it seems that the combination of genomics with metabolomics is easier. Thus, when metabolomics data are interpreted in combination with genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic results, in the so-called systems biology approach, a holistic knowledge of the organism/process under investigation can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":401105,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121693723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Morphophysiological, Histological, and Biochemical Response of Some Nontarget Organisms to the Stress Induced by the Pesticides in the Environment 一些非靶标生物对环境中农药胁迫的形态、生理、组织学和生化反应

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment Pub Date : 2019-03-20 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84332

L. Soare, A. Păunescu, Ponepal Cristina Maria

{"title":"The Morphophysiological, Histological, and Biochemical Response of Some Nontarget Organisms to the Stress Induced by the Pesticides in the Environment","authors":"L. Soare, A. Păunescu, Ponepal Cristina Maria","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84332","url":null,"abstract":"Ferns, amphibians, and fish are groups of nontarget organisms affected by many types of pesticides that end up in the environment. This chapter aims to approach the following themes: the influence of different pesticides on the spore germination process and on the differentiation of their gametophyte; aspects regarding the impact of some pesticides on breathing in fish (physiology and histopathology at the branchial level), as well as a series of effects at the hematological and biochemical levels; and changes of some hematological, biochemical, and structural parameters in amphibians. Species that are not directly targeted by the action of the pesticide in the environment, ferns can be used in their gametophyte stage, young or mature sporophyte in different biotests to evaluate the risk associated with these substances. The biochemical, hemathological, and histopathological changes recorded in both fish and amphibians can be considered biomarkers of pesticide pollution. laying eggs in amphibians. Four experimental batches were used to examine the effect of the pesticide marketed under the name of Sevin ® and the active substance, carbaryl, on the method of laying eggs in Hyla chrysoscelis species. Their results have shown that unpolluted ponds are preferred by amphibians for laying eggs, while","PeriodicalId":401105,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115765886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, History and the Health of Our Environment: Lessons from Africa 农药、人为活动、历史和环境健康:来自非洲的教训

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment Pub Date : 2019-03-18 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82600

W. B. Manyilizu

引用次数: 8

Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety 农药、人为活动和我们的环境安全健康

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment Pub Date : 2019-02-21 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84161

Mona S. Al-ahmadi

引用次数: 24

Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile 土壤剖面中农药淋滤污染地下水的环境风险

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment Pub Date : 2018-11-29 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82418

G. Pérez-Lucas, N. Vela, Abderrazak el Aatik, S. Navarro

{"title":"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile","authors":"G. Pérez-Lucas, N. Vela, Abderrazak el Aatik, S. Navarro","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82418","url":null,"abstract":"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physicalchemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.","PeriodicalId":401105,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121158877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 92