Advances in Membrane Technologies最新文献

{"title":"Ultrasound for Membrane Fouling Control in Wastewater Treatment and Protein Purification Downstream Processing Applications","authors":"A. Abdelrasoul, H. Doan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89524","url":null,"abstract":"Membrane fouling is one of the major issues encountered in membrane filtration including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Membrane fouling can occur due to the reversible and irreversible deposition of particles, colloids, macromolecules, salts, and other types of elements. As a consequence, fouling causes a significant decrease in the permeate flux due to plugging of membrane pores, and adsorption of fouling material on the membrane’s surface and/or in the pore walls. A lot of research efforts have been directed towards fouling remediation techniques or membrane cleaning alternatives. Although most of these methods are relatively functional, they have drawbacks and limitations. Among these methods, the use of ultrasound has been shown to be effective in enhancing mass transfer, cleaning, disinfection, and controlling fouling. In membrane filtration processes, ultrasound can help accelerating the permeate flux towards the membrane and decreasing the concentration of solutes accumulated in the membrane pores and on the membrane surfaces. Ultrasonic fouling control does not require chemical cleaning and can maintain a high permeate flux throughout the filtration process. In addition, wastewater contaminants can be degraded by ultrasound. Therefore, ultrasound creates unique physicochemical conditions, which can be used as an effective tool for membrane fouling control. In this chapter, ultrasound radiation as a unique method to modify physical and chemical properties of a complex fluid with applications in wastewater treatment and protein purification process is highlighted. At first, ultrasonic parameters and how their ability to enhance the delivery of fluid flow to the membrane surface and affect the physical and chemical properties of foulants are discussed. Furthermore, various ultrasonic methods, including continuous and intermittent waves, and its influences on membrane fouling, permeate flux, membrane cleaning and flux recovery are reviewed. The main role of wave streaming as a driving force for fluid acceleration and antifouling control, and the impact of ultrasound-generated bubble cavitation on preventing and removing fouling deposits are described. The challenges effective method for membrane fouling remediation in wastewater treatment and protein purification downstream processing are presented in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124779631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Treatment","authors":"M. Shirazi, S. Bazgir, Fereshteh Meshkani","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.87948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87948","url":null,"abstract":"Nanofibrous structures offer a lot of fascinating features due to large specific surface area. This makes them promising for a wide range of applications, most specifically water treatment. This new generation of highly porous membranes exhibits great prospect to be used in various separation applications due to their distinguished features such as remarkably high porosity ( ≥ 90%) and interconnected 3D pore structure. As compared with the conventional techniques, Electrospinning has been highlighted for developing unique porous membranes. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes have been more and more investigated to a lot of advanced water treatment purposes. This chapter reviews the updates on electrospun nanofibrous membranes with a particular prominence in recent accomplishments, bottlenecks, and future perspectives in water treatment. To start, the basic principles of electrospinning are discussed. Next, past and recent efforts for fabricating electrospun MF membranes for various applications are reviewed. The application of electrospun nanofibers as the scaffold for TFC (thin-film composite) membranes in the pressure- and osmotic-membrane processes is then introduced. The new application of electrospun nanofibrous membranes for the thermally-driven MD (membrane distillation) process for water treatment as well as strategies for performance enhancement is discussed. To finish, conclusions and perspectives are stated according to recent developments.","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122827701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introductory Chapter: An Overview of Recent Advances in Membrane Technologies","authors":"A. Mollahosseini, A. Abdelrasoul","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89552","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"391 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129171719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and Advances in Hemodialysis Membranes","authors":"A. Mollahosseini, A. Abdelrasoul, A. Shoker","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90643","url":null,"abstract":"Hemodialysis (HD) is a filtration vital process through which the bloods ’ toxins and contaminations are removed. However, several immune system activations occur during dialysis, which can result in morbidity and mortality. The efficiency of the currently available blood purification process is hindered, on one hand, by the deficient toxins and middle molecule removal, and on the other hand, with the loss of valuable blood components (such as plasma and its constituents). This chapter offers an overview of the challenges and advances in HD membranes. It includes an introduction of the end stage renal disease, concepts of dialysis, its historical back-ground, and the path through which the configurations and materials evolved. The interactions between membrane polymeric materials with human blood is also discussed. The aspect of material modification is one of the critical areas in HD technology as it targets to solve the most immediate and prevalent HD issue of membrane bioincompatibility. High flux dialysis (HFD) and hemofiltration (HF) are introduced and discussed. This class of membranes was introduced to solve middle molecule (such as β 2- microglobulin) related challenges. This chapter high-lights the question of why the issue of incompatible materials still exists along with current membrane modifications.","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124166729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrokinetic Membrane Bioreactors","authors":"M. Amini, E. Mohamedelhassan, B. Liao","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86955","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of electrokinetics has received considerable interests in the field of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) in recent years. Electrokinetic transport mechanism and associated reactions have wide applications in separations and MBRs. The success of electrokinetic-enhanced separations would highly depend on the study of its conceptions, perhaps leading to opening vast research need. It is also conceiv-able that the theoretical study of electrokinetic phenomena, especially in the MBRs, indeed leads to profound success in the bioreactor research, design, and operations. This chapter is aiming to overcome the enigma in this field of research and make the fundamental concepts and recent advances readily accessible to researchers and practitioners in membrane technologies .","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127644080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue Energy and Its Potential: The Membrane Based Energy Harvesting","authors":"Shubham Lanjewar, A. Mukherjee, L. M. Rehman, A. Roy","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86953","url":null,"abstract":"The present energy generation is largely dependent on fossil fuels which results in the emission of greenhouse gases and is also characterized by vulnerability and eminent scarcity. In order to meet the respective concerns, the energy supply should be based on (i) an environmental-friendly non-combustion energy conversion, (ii) a freely available alternative energy source, and (iii) a renewable energy source. In this chapter, the authors want to explore an alternative and the hardly known renewable energy source, i.e. salinity gradient energy. It is the most prom-ising renewable energy source and also termed as ‘ blue energy ’ . Estimates from literature predicted coverage of over 80% of the current global electricity demand when applied in all river mouths. From thermodynamic calculations, it can be derived that each m 3 of river water can yield 1.4 MJ when mixed with the same amount of seawater. Two membrane-based processes are available to convert blue energy into electricity: Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and Reverse electrodialysis (RED). Blue energy along with its technical and economic potential would be the major focus of this chapter.","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128856365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane and Bioseparation","authors":"Y. Mansourpanah, Farideh Emamian","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86954","url":null,"abstract":"Although one of the strongest methods of purification is chromatography, the major problem of porous bed chromatography is that purification takes place using the diffusion. This will prolong the purification process and bring down the effi-ciency. In recent years, membrane methods have greatly overcome this limitation due to low membrane thickness, low pressure drop, and convective flow, and they are a great alternative to chromatography columns. Unfortunately, the membranes have a low surface area. For solving such problem, membrane modification with polymeric brushes and layer-by-layer adsorption in polyelectrolyte films can be attractive. Accordingly, in this chapter we introduce types of biomolecule purification methods, the best purification method, membrane modification techniques, and their limitations and assets. Also, we introduce the membrane as an attractive tool for selective purification and separation of biomolecules.","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129964786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane Distillation: Basics, Advances, and Applications","authors":"Mohammad Reza Shirzad Kebria, A. Rahimpour","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86952","url":null,"abstract":"Membrane technology as an emerging separation process has become competitive with other separation techniques in recent decades. Among pressure-driven and isothermal membrane processes, membrane distillation (MD) as a thermally driven process has come out to put an end to hardships of such processes like distillation. MD process can be used in a wide variety of applications such as desalination and wastewater treatment. Generally, MD is a process which water is a main component of the feed solution and only water vapor can pass through a hydrophobic membrane pores. With four main configurations different from each other by their condensation procedure, the performance of MD process is limited due to the lack of appropriate module, membrane, and energy consumption rate. In recent years, many experiments have been carried out to find well-suited membrane type and module. Also, applying solar or waste heat as heat source and the capability of coupling with other processes like forward osmosis and osmotic distillation distinguish MD process from other membrane processes. This chapter addresses membrane characteristics, MD applications, transport mechanisms, and process challenges.","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114583431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Membranes for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment","authors":"K. Jose, Fadi Layyous Gedeon, Chil-Hung Cheng","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86787","url":null,"abstract":"The global agricultural sector consumes a large amount of fresh water for irrigation. Less than half of agricultural wastewater is properly treated before discharging to environment or recycling. Treatment of agricultural wastewater for reuse in irrigation can alleviate burden on water resources as well as protect the environment from detri-mental effects caused by various organics, pesticides, and soluble ions in the wastewater stream. This work reviews several current membrane technologies that are applied at removing the pollutants in agricultural wastewater. Subsequently, several strategies to further improve membranes’ performance are highlighted. The advancement of materials science at the nanometer scale can assist the fabrication of membranes with higher selectivity of pollutant removal, higher permeate flux, and lower membrane fouling.","PeriodicalId":397830,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Membrane Technologies","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125940705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}