{"title":"Psychological and social factors","authors":"S. Eack","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-08-034120-0.50017-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034120-0.50017-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125826386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electroconvulsive therapy","authors":"K. Rasmussen","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) surveys the history of this effective treatment modality in psychiatry. It reviews the first publication introducing ECT, which was followed by rapid expansion throughout the world. Next, the important topic of memory impairment is reviewed. Thereafter, it discusses the technical modifications that resulted in less memory impairment, most notably unilateral electrode placement and brief-pulse square-wave electrical stimulation. The publication of a placebo-controlled trial establishing efficacy using modern research methods is also discussed. Finally, a controlled trial of continuation ECT is presented, which touches on the need to prevent relapse. The chapter can be appreciated by readers of any background, whether medical or not.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129272336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychodynamic therapy","authors":"K. McCarthy, Richard F. Summers","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"From its early origins in the study of repressed memories and unconscious conflict to its more recent iterations as brief, relationship-focused treatments for increasingly diverse individuals, psychodynamic psychotherapy has adapted itself to the changing needs of its patients, practitioners, and the larger culture. At the same time, a clear tradition links the distinct phases of dynamic therapy. This chapter reviews seven articles that represent major themes and shifts in the work of dynamic therapy over the 125 years of its history. It presents the background for the genesis of each paper, the ways that the article responded to the context in which it arose, and the implications the article had for psychodynamic practice. Lastly, the chapter highlights how these landmark papers point to the continuing challenges and evolution of dynamic psychotherapy.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"68 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114102695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychosocial rehabilitation","authors":"M. Ujeyl, W. Rössler","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Psychosocial rehabilitation (synonymously referred to as psychiatric rehabilitation) is a field and service within mental health systems that shifted the treatment focus from symptom control to social inclusion by functional recovery. It aims to help individuals with severe mental illness live in the community as independently as possible. Psychosocial rehabilitation (PR) developed in the 1970s, when psychiatric reform, including the process of deinstitutionalization, had already paved the way to more responsive and balanced provision of mental health care. This chapter outlines major developments in and obstacles to the reform in European and other high-income countries. It introduces the evolving principles of PR and presents evidence on important models of care, such as assertive community treatment (ACT) and individual placement and support (IPS), that share the objectives of PR to improve integration of people with severe mental illness into the labour market and society in general.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117091459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social and community psychiatry","authors":"N. Jordan","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Social and community psychiatry is a subspecialty within psychiatry focused on identifying and treating mental health disorders in community-based settings. This subspecialty emerged as a direct consequence of several factors including deinstitutionalization, increased focus on biological aetiologies and treatment of mental health disorders, and the change in the nature of funding for mental healthcare. This chapter highlights several important issues related to community-based delivery of psychiatric care including: accurate assessment of the prevalence of mental health disorders and use of mental health services across all components of the mental health system of care; the evolution of office-based psychiatric practice, from lengthier psychotherapy visits toward shorter visits and greater use of psychotropic medications; the evolution of depression treatment in primary care; and understanding the relationship between culture and psychiatric illness.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113964628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetics","authors":"Marina Bayeva, E. Cook","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Early in psychiatric genetic research, the field was drawn into the ‘nature versus nurture’ controversy in which the contribution of heritable factors was argued to be negligible to sufficient. This debate was fuelled by divergent conceptualizations of mental disorders as biological entities or psychological phenomena. A complex pattern of inheritance which did not obey simple Mendelian rules further added to the confusion about the role of genetics in psychiatry in the first half of the twentieth century. Two landmark papers discussed in this chapter (one by Seymour Kety and colleagues from 1968, the other by Robert Plomin and colleagues from 1994) were instrumental in establishing and contributing substantially to the study of genetics in mental disorders. The third paper by Irving Gottesman and James Shields (1967) clarified the polygenic nature of psychiatric disorders. Finally, the recent multinational collaborative efforts of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and Autism Sequencing Consortium (exemplified by papers from Ripke et al., 2014; Marshall et al., 2017; and Sanders et al., 2015) reveal the genetic architecture of common psychiatric conditions.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115082578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research methodology","authors":"R. Gibbons","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Given the diversity of psychiatric research, having a statistically rigorous set of methodological tools for the design and analysis is critically important. The field of psychiatry has, in and of itself, inspired several advances in research methodology that have led to widespread use across all areas of medicine and, more generally, throughout the biological, social, and physical sciences. This chapter reviews statistical and methodological contributions to the analysis of longitudinal data, inter-rater agreement, item response theory (IRT), and computerized adaptive testing (CAT), as well as the joint modelling of both the mean and variance functions in intensive longitudinal data (location-scale models). It is written for a general psychiatric research audience, but lays out areas for future study and development for quantitative scientists as well.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132878286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Schizophrenia","authors":"David V. Braitman, J. Bustillo","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia is a serious, chronic mental illness of unknown aetiology for which there is presently no cure. However, over a century’s worth of research has resulted in important pathophysiological and therapeutic findings. Though strongly heritable, schizophrenia is a highly polygenic illness involving very small effects across hundreds of common variants. Small reductions in brain volume have been repeatedly documented, as well as an increment in striatal dopaminergic release. The most reliably effective treatment involves agents that block dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum, which though similarly efficacious, vary in terms of their side-effect profile. Only one drug, clozapine, has been found to be effective in schizophrenia patients who fail with other antipsychotic drugs. There is clearly a need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating illness.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132033688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forensic psychiatry","authors":"S. Dinwiddie","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198836506.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic psychiatry exists within the ever-changing social and conceptual space where issues of law and mental state meet. Though generally associated with issues such as the insanity defence, fitness to stand trial, and the like, forensic psychiatry includes within its ambit many aspects of everyday clinical practice—issues such as risk prediction, antisocial personality disorder, decisional capacity, and identifying and resolving ethical conflicts. Rather than focusing on topics of little practical interest to the general clinician, articles for this chapter were chosen to address these everyday issues.","PeriodicalId":393814,"journal":{"name":"Landmark Papers in Psychiatry","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116121845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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