{"title":"6 Islam, Shari‘a, and State Building under ‘Abd al-Rahman Khan","authors":"A. Tarzi","doi":"10.1525/9780520967373-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520967373-013","url":null,"abstract":"In July 1880, ‘Abd al-Rahman Khan (r. 1880–1901) became the new amir of Afghanistan thanks to his own resourcefulness, some measure of luck, and the assistance of both the Russian and the British empires. His life experience had prepared him for the “Great Game” that he was entering, and the new amir seems to have fully understood the position of the political entity he was ruling over. ‘Abd al-Rahman’s Afghanistan was to serve as a buffer, or in the amir’s own terminology, “a curtain,” between the Asiatic colonies of Britain and Russia.1 As an active player in the AngloRussian “Great Game” that was being played out in South and Central Asia, the amir had chosen to side with Britain. As he wrote in 1885, it would have been “impossible for the people of Afghanistan to become friendly with the Russian state, because that latter is not abandoning its designs on India, for which it must step on this [Afghan] people.”2 With his foreign policy in the hands of British control and guarantees to protect Afghanistan from any foreign aggression, ‘Abd al-Rahman channeled his energies into extending his authority over hitherto-independent or semiautonomous regions of the country. In the words of Barnett Rubin, under ‘Abd al-Rahman, “Afghanistan became a buffer state, in which an indigenous ruler began to build an internally autonomous state with only external colonial support.”3","PeriodicalId":374905,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan's Islam","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133893427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"7 Competing Views of Pashtun Tribalism, Islam, and Society in the Indo-Afghan Borderlands","authors":"S. Haroon","doi":"10.1525/9780520967373-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520967373-014","url":null,"abstract":"In 1914, Husayn Ahmad Madani (1879–1957) and ‘Ubaydullah Sindhi (1872–1944), two members of the Dar al-‘Ulum madrasa, at Deoband, in northern India, proposed that the Pashtun tribe represented the ideal of a Muslim society and could steer the fate of the Indian Muslim nation. They called for a jihad in the Indian northwest supported both by nationalist Indians and members of the Afghan court. Although it received a great deal of attention from the colonial authorities, this short-lived movement failed to accomplish anything. Moreover, through attention to treatment of the principle of tribalism in other vernacular Urdu and Persian texts, this chapter argues that the view of the tribe as a model for the Muslim nation as proposed in Jama‘at-i Mujahidin politics and in historiography was completely incompatible both with the participatory nationalist political discourses in the North-West Frontier Province of colonial India and with the Afghan nationalist project of knowledge production. This fact would be unexceptional were it not for that fact that the idea of Pashtun Islamic tribal valor was resuscitated subsequently during the 1978–85 mobilization of anti-Soviet resistance. Because of this aftermath of the Jama‘at-i Mujahidin movement, it is useful to consider the inadequacies of the movement and the counternarratives to the idea of Islamic religiosity and valor as foundational principles of tribal order in the Pashtun highlands, both in the Jama‘at-i Mujahidin’s own time and in the later twentieth century. A growing body of scholarly work identifies multiple coexistent patterns of Pashtun social and political organization in the Indo-Afghan borderlands, meaningfully complicating binary views of tribe and the state in eastern Afghanistan, and the role of religion in shaping a social order. I have argued in an early work 7","PeriodicalId":374905,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan's Islam","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126488174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3 The Rise of the Khwajagan-Naqshbandiyya Sufi Order in Timurid Herat","authors":"J. Paul","doi":"10.1525/9780520967373-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520967373-008","url":null,"abstract":"Timurid rule in Herat spans the fifteenth century.1 From the time of Shahrukh ibn Timur (r. 1405–47) onward, the city was the capital of an empire that comprised large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Although under Husayn Bayqara (r. 1470–1506) toward the end of the century, Timurid territory shrank considerably, Bayqara still ruled over Khurasan and some adjacent regions. Two more Timurid sultans must be mentioned from the start: Abu’l-Qasim Babur (d. 1457), who succeeded in winning the wars beginning after Shahrukh’s demise, and Abu Sa‘id (d. 1469) who ascended the throne, again, after some years of turmoil and fratricidal war. Under their collective rule, Timurid Herat became a brilliant center of Persianate culture. It was noted for its achievements in the arts (miniature painting and other arts of the book), architecture, poetry, historiography, and many other fields, surely including music (even if we do not know how Timurid princely music may have sounded). In various sciences, the Timurid era likewise produced lasting works; astronomy is only one example. In economics, Timurid Herat saw one of the most cogent attempts at rationalizing agriculture in the medieval Middle East, for example through accounting systems and systematic investment and development projects. Many of these projects took the form of pious endowments (waqf), and their beneficiaries were either well-established shrines in Herat and other cities (such as the shrine complex of ‘Abdullah Ansari at Gazurgah, a suburb of Herat, or the shrine of Riza at Mashhad) or such shrines as were founded in this period (most notably the shrine of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib at Balkh, today’s Mazar-i Sharif).2 Sufis were nothing new in Timurid Herat. Over the previous centuries, ‘Abdullah Ansari (d. 1089), an outstanding master of Sunni Sufism, had posthumously grown into the position of the city’s patron saint. His shrine was a noted center of 3","PeriodicalId":374905,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan's Islam","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126765686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Afghanistan's IslamPub Date : 2019-07-30DOI: 10.1163/EJ.9789004152373.I-263.101
N. Shah
{"title":"Glossary of Islamic Terms","authors":"N. Shah","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004152373.I-263.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004152373.I-263.101","url":null,"abstract":"This section presents glossary of Islamic terms mentioned in the book Women, the Koran and International Human Rights Law: The Experience of Pakistan. The issue of women's human rights has become a separate category of analysis (Bunch, 1995; Friedman, 1995) in relatively recent human rights scholarship and is at the centre stage in the discourse on human rights. The book argues for effective implementation procedures to turn women's human rights into reality in Pakistan.Keywords: International Human Rights Law; Islam; Koran; Pakistan","PeriodicalId":374905,"journal":{"name":"Afghanistan's Islam","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125578495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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