{"title":"Networked Collective Action and the Impeachment of President Park","authors":"H. Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a detailed analysis of online and offline interactions and information exchanges that took place in organizing candlelight vigils in 2016–2017 that contributed to the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye. Interactions between agents and affordances resulted in the nation’s first removal of a president through impeachment processes. Key agents—in particular, journalists, social media influencers, citizens, activists, news organizations, and civic organizations—interacted to produce, share, and amplify cognitive and affective content resulting in massive citizen participation in candlelight vigils for 20 consecutive weeks. It provides an in-depth analysis of these and related issues based on interviews with journalists, activists, citizens, government officials, and technology company representatives and experts. The interview data are triangulated using analyses of news reports and social media posts.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123698175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Hyunjin Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses lessons the candlelight vigils and other similar cases offer for our understanding of how collective actions co-adapt with information ecosystems. In particular, the author discusses how empirical data analysis informs the agent-affordance framework by illustrating ways in which information generation and distribution mechanisms involve diverse agents within the information ecosystem. This chapter also discusses how insights offered in this book might be applicable to citizens’ calls for major political changes in other democratic countries. The chapter concludes by summarizing the scholarly and policy contributions of the book and suggesting a need for specific research to examine challenges for democratic governance posed by the rapidly growing volume of information available in the public sphere.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132992594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sewol Ferry Disaster","authors":"H. Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides background information regarding South Koreans’ anger and frustration with the Park Geun-hye administration, which led to a series of candlelight vigils calling for her impeachment. In particular, it analyzes public sentiment surrounding President Park’s handling of the 2014 sinking of the Sewol ferry in which 250 South Korean high school students died. Prior to the revelation of the Park-Choi corruption scandal, the Sewol ferry disaster, caused by human error and poorly managed by the Park government, was the most significant event that contributed to reaching a tipping point for the impeachment movement. The Park-Choi scandal served as a trigger for public outrage, which had been simmering for several years. This chapter analyzes how outrage and embarrassment spread in the information ecosystem at that time and served to motivate people to participate in the impeachment vigils.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121265130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Candlelight Vigils and Citizen Activism","authors":"H. Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on modern political and social collective actions in South Korea to illustrate how changing information ecosystems have influenced the ways protests and candlelight vigils have been organized over the past several decades. In particular, the chapter explains how Internet and digital communication technologies began to be used to facilitate collective actions in South Korea in a series of candlelight vigils beginning in 2002, when two South Korean teenage girls were killed by a U.S. armored vehicle. It also covers other major candlelight vigils, including 2004 vigils against the impeachment of President Roh Moo-hyun and 2008 vigils against U.S. beef importation. In examining candlelight vigils at different time points and stages of technological development, it considers both what changed and what has remained largely the same, while highlighting key agents and affordances and their interactions at each time period analyzed.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121548417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Changing Information Ecosystem in South Korea","authors":"H. Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter applies the agent-affordance framework introduced in Chapter 2 to the ever-changing information ecosystem in South Korea by identifying changes in key agents and affordances in the country over the past three decades. This is accomplished in the context of co-adapting technological, cultural, political, and legal environments in the country. The chapter provides the background information necessary to explicating the dynamics of information generation and dissemination by and between different agents in South Korea. In particular, it contributes to enhancing understandings of technological, social, political, and legal affordances in South Korea that lay the groundwork for analyses in the subsequent chapters. South Korea’s news media environment, citizens’ use of social media, concerns of misinformation, and issues related to the division of the Korean Peninsula are discussed in the context of agent-affordance interactions. Secondary data analysis is used to document changes in the media environment and ecology in South Korea.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128028104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Agent-Affordance Framework of Networked Collective Actions","authors":"H. Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details an agent-affordance framework designed to offer an understanding of social change dynamics in rapidly changing information ecosystems. In doing so, it explicates a taxonomy of agents and affordances critical to the Park Geun-hye impeachment. This framework includes four types of agent and three categories of affordance to account for social change dynamics that have become both more decentralized and increasingly intertwined between human and nonhuman computational agents. As communication infrastructure and social and political processes co-adapt, it is imperative to consider how structural and behavioral affordances affect social change. The framework considers the complex web of motivations, processes, and outcomes that support networked collective actions and enable these actions to succeed or fail.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132571179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Park’s Supporters Fight Back","authors":"H. Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how supporters of President Park Geun-hye responded to the Park-Choi scandal and impeachment rallies. Park’s diehard supporters organized so-called Taegeukgi rallies suggesting the Park-Choi scandal was a plot by pro–North Korea forces and news media designed to destroy the conservative president. Trafficking in conspiracy theories produced by far-right media outlets, these staunch supporters used social media and physical gatherings to consolidate pro-Park groups. In contrast, some of Park’s early supporters ultimately turned against her, becoming outraged and embarrassed as details of her corruption became widely known. This chapter analyzes information consumption patterns of Park’s diehard supporters along with their demographic and social-psychological characteristics.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123363370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"After the Candles Were Extinguished","authors":"H. Seo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538883.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers several issues South Korea has dealt with following President Park’s removal from office: the election of Moon Jae-in as president in May 2017, pro-Park groups’ anti-government rallies, and a public divide on potentially pardoning Park in 2021. In addition, it considers citizens’ evaluations of the impeachment candlelight vigils three years after Park’s impeachment. There is now a growing sense that the momentum for change ignited by the vigils may have been lost and that real systemic change has not been achieved. This chapter looks at how some actors within society are striving to sustain momentum for social change. While political parties and civic organizations in South Korea are experimenting with different strategies to engage citizens, some people are already demanding new forms of participatory democracy. Grass-roots organizations such as WAGL and Parti Co-op have emerged to design and implement alternative ways of incorporating citizens’ direct participation in policy decision-making processes.","PeriodicalId":374347,"journal":{"name":"Networked Collective Actions","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129282604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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