Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within最新文献

{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Toward Omnipresence","authors":"D. Sriramulu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86427","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are extensively used worldwide for treating predominantly gram-negative bacterial infections and also for treating certain gram-positive infections. While the precise mechanism of their bactericidal action is yet to be unraveled, aminoglycosides, for example, act by binding to the RNA component of ribosomes, leading to both mistranslation and ultimate inhibition of protein synthesis. The widespread use of other major classes of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of resistant bacteria by expediting the course of its evolution [1, 2]. The emergence of resistance to antibiotics is of special concern in the treatment of infections, particularly of systemic nature, by gram-negative organisms narrowing down the options for antibiotic alternatives. The resistance mechanisms displayed by the bacteria can be classified into the following: (a) reduced uptake, (b) increased efflux, (c) enzymatic modification of drug, and (d) drug target modification. Whereas resistance to streptomycin, the first widely used aminoglycoside, is predominantly through mutations in drug targets (mostly in the ribosomal protein rpsL and also in rRNA), resistance to other aminoglycosides appears to utilize a variety of mechanisms. The question arises, whether antibiotic action facilitates the emergence of resistant mutants. For certain other classes of antibiotics that induce the bacterial SOS response either by direct DNA damage (e.g., ciprofloxacin) or through indirect means (e.g., ampicillin), it has been shown that the action of the antibiotic itself plays a significant role in the emergence of mutations that confer resistance. One such mechanism, mistranslation due to defects in the translation apparatus, can promote hypermutagenesis in a phenomenon called translational stressinduced mutagenesis (TSM) raising the possibility that aminoglycoside exposure, by promoting mistranslation, could also elevate mutagenesis. According to the current understanding, TSM is mediated by a low-level mistranslational corruption of the replicative DNA polymerase leading to episodic hypermutagenesis. Exposure of wildtype bacterial cells to sublethal concentrations of an antibiotic increases mutagenic translesion DNA synthesis in vivo, and exposure of certain mutants also increases spontaneous mutagenesis. Exposure of wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 cells to sublethal concentrations of tobramycin and amikacin, two aminoglycoside antibiotics commonly used to treat P. aeruginosa infections, can elevate spontaneous mutagenesis leading to complications in treating cystic fibrosis patients [3].","PeriodicalId":367836,"journal":{"name":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116142790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Beneficial Roles ofPseudomonasin Medicine, Industries, and Environment: A Review","authors":"Orji Frank Anayo, Ezeanyanso Chika Scholastica, Onyemali Chidi Peter, Ukaegbu Gray Nneji, Ajunwa Obinna, Lawal Oluwabusola Mistura","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.85996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85996","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter intends to consider Pseudomonas versatility as regards the beneficial uses of Pseudomonas for production of primary metabolites including enzymes. This chapter will consider the use of Pseudomonas for production of secondary metabolites from various pathways which are equally useful in the industries and in medicine. Pseudomonas pigments and its usefulness in bioelec-tricity, medicine, etc. will equally be considered in this chapter. The authors are to integrate knowledge in versatility of Pseudomonas for use as agents of microbial production of biosurfactants for environmental cleanup, and","PeriodicalId":367836,"journal":{"name":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within","volume":"40 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132835402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Heavy Metals Tolerance and Uptake byPseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Salah Abdelbary, M. Elgamal, A. Farrag","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.85875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85875","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as the most potent bacterial strain for solving heavy metals pollution problems. Pollution is the most of problems in our world which causing a lot of risks to human, animal, plant and ecosystem. Heavy metals pollution is an ever-increasing problem in developing nations. Release of heavy metals into the environment has increased in the recent years at an alarming rate. To remove heavy metals from environment, there are different methods such as physical, chemical and biological. The biological method includes microorganisms and plant which recorded high heavy metals removal, safe and low-cost method. Microorganisms remove heavy metals from environment by different mechanisms according to their types. Thus, microbes are used as potential candidates of bioremediation that can adapt quickly to the changing noxious environment and be utilized for toxic metal remediation. In bacterial uptake and tolerance to heavy metals, Pseudomonas aeruginosa recorded potential role in bioremediation of different heavy metals with high removal percentage comparison with other bacterial strains. Chapter discusses the roles and trends of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in heavy metals tolerance and uptake as potential bacterial strain.","PeriodicalId":367836,"journal":{"name":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117338908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-Pathogen Interaction in the Lung of Patients Infected withPseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Sandra Grumelli","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84657","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium that can proliferate in the soil, water, and even humans if they are immunologically depressed. During lung infections, P. aeruginosa goes through significant morphological changes turning into the mucoid form after which its eradication becomes almost impossible. Within this chapter, we explore the bioenergetics changes produced within P. aeruginosa during infections in humans and the metabolic pathways that are involved in those changes that lead to chronic infection.","PeriodicalId":367836,"journal":{"name":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132326902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role ofPseudomonas aeruginosaRNA Methyltransferases in Antibiotic Resistance","authors":"Pablo Valderrama-Carmona, Jaison H. Cuartas, Diana Castaño, M. Corredor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85185","url":null,"abstract":"Methyltransferases play a fundamental role in aminoglycoside resistance of Gram-negative bacteria, and some of its mechanisms were described in the past years, especially in Escherichia coli ; however, it remains unsolved for other resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Despite hurdles to determine resistance acquisition, high-throughput approaches (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) have allowed data mining and analysis in a systemic way. Likewise, bioinformatics modelling of homologous genes or proteins has permitted to eluci-date the emerging resistance in this pathogen. P. aeruginosa is a bacterial resistance treat since practically all known resistance mechanisms can be described using this model, particularly RNA methyltransferases. The RNA methyltransferases perform methylation or demethylation of ribosomal RNA to allow or restrict the antibiotic resistance development. The Kgm and Kam methyltransferases families are found in P. aeruginosa and confer resistance to several aminoglycosides. Loss of native methylations may also confer a resistant phenotype. The P. aeruginosa RsmG has high structural homology with Thermus aquaticus protein. Today, molecular data will promote a new paradigm on antibiotic therapy for treatment against P. aeruginosa . This chapter provides an overview of what role P. aeruginosa’ s methyltransferases play in antibiotic resistance, induced by methylation or demethylation in the ribosome.","PeriodicalId":367836,"journal":{"name":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116304582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bulgecins as β-Lactam Enhancers Against Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Marion J. Skalweit","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85151","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance in non-lactose fermenting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ) is increasing, making these clinical pathogens more difficult to treat. Multiple resistance mechanisms exist within P. aeruginosa that affect all classes of antibiotics used in the clinic. New strategies and treatment targets within these MDR pathogens must be exploited. One heretofore untapped target is the family of cell wall enzymes known as lytic transglycosylases (Lts). Lts work in concert with penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) and other cell wall proteins such as amidases and peptidoglycan hydrolases to affect normal cell division, and during stress and programmed cell death. Lts are inhibited by natural products called bulgecins, produced by non-pathogenic Paraburkholderia and Burkholderia spp. New research describing the ability of Lt inhibition to restore susceptibility to β -lactams in MDR P. aeruginosa , as well as the structural biologic basis for the activity of bulgecins will be reviewed. Other targets and applications of bulgecins will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":367836,"journal":{"name":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115028722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Medium Components on the Bulk Rheology and on the Formation of Ferning Patterns for Biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"U. Daalkhaijav, Angela L. Dunham, T. Walker","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85240","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and success within a broad range of hosts are largely due to the strength of its biofilms. The rheology of biofilm of P. aeruginosa was measured to investigate the bacterial response to nutritional conditions (medium that was modified with glycerol, glucose, sucrose, sodium chloride, and silver nitrate). The elastic modulus and the yield stress of the biofilm of P. aeruginosa increased in response to increases in glycerol, glucose, and sodium chloride. Alternatively, silver nitrate and glycerol inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations that were greater than 0.1 mM and 10 v/v%, respectively. Ferning patterns form as a result of diffusion-limited desiccation of the salt-macromolecule solution. Ferning coverage of about 50% and an orthogonal ferning pattern with 3° of branching were found for most of the biofilm samples. The complexity increased with modifications that caused strengthening of the biofilm, while the coverage and complexity dropped to zero when no biofilm growth was observed. The birefringent bundles of liquid crystals in the biofilm gained a new level of complexity and order within the ferning pattern that correlates with the biofilm robustness as characterized by its rheology, and these properties are heavily influenced by the nutritional environment of P. aeruginosa .","PeriodicalId":367836,"journal":{"name":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114599423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}