{"title":"4. Polar marine biology","authors":"P. Mladenov","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199695058.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199695058.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Flourishing marine biological systems are present in the extreme environments of the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions of the planet. Both these regions are characterized by constantly cold sea temperatures, ice-covered oceans, and extreme seasonal fluctuations in light levels, but ‘Polar marine biology’ explains how they have evolved strikingly different and unique marine ecosystems. The Arctic Ocean is largely landlocked while the Southern Ocean surrounds the Antarctic continental land mass and is in open contact with the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The impact of human-induced climate change is also discussed, which will affect the Arctic and Antarctic food webs in profound ways.","PeriodicalId":361025,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biology: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"329 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123312040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"6. Deep-ocean biology","authors":"P. Mladenov","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199695058.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199695058.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The deep ocean is currently defined as the water column and ocean bottom greater than 500 metres, which is the depth at which seasonal variation in temperature and salinity and the influence of sunlight is minimal. This habitat encompasses roughly 90 per cent of the ocean’s volume yet this vast region is the least investigated and understood environment on the planet. ‘Deep-ocean biology’ explains that there are many issues for the existence of life in the deep ocean: lack of light, extreme pressure, scarcity of food, and temperature. However, deep-ocean animals have adapted to their surroundings. The diversity of deep-ocean benthic animals is described along with the unique ecosystems found around hydrothermal vents and seamounts.","PeriodicalId":361025,"journal":{"name":"Marine Biology: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128613271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}