Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018最新文献

{"title":"SAGD Circulation Phase: Thermal Efficiency Evaluation of Five Wellbore Completion Designs in Lloydminster Reservoir","authors":"Daniel Rivas, I. Gates","doi":"10.2118/193357-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193357-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The main objective during the circulation phase (start-up) of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is to lower the heavy oil or bitumen viscosity, to create inter-well fluid communication between the injector and producer well and to uniformly warm-up the lateral section of the well pair to achieve uniform steam chamber growth during the life of the SAGD well pair. Typically, the circulation phase (start-up) lasts between three and six months and it is completed when the temperature between the producer and injector is high enough, generally greater than 80°C. It has been proven that during the circulation phase (start-up) of a SAGD well pair, the variations in thermal efficiency result from factors such as tubing size, well trajectory, well length, completion configuration, reservoir properties, and operating parameters.\u0000 There is not any published study performed in the Lindbergh area in Alberta, Canada that determines the thermal efficiency of different completion designs during the circulation phase (start-up) of a SAGD well pair in a Lloydminster formation. Therefore, in a previous study, a discretized thermal reservoir/wellbore modelling simulator (Exotherm, 2016) was used to history-match field data obtained from a SAGD well pair in the Lloydminster area, and, subsequently, this paper uses the simulation model to evaluate and compare the thermal efficiency of five different completion design cases during the SAGD circulation phase (start-up) in the Lloydminster formation. These completion designs include: bare tubing in a dual string, vacuum insulated tubing (VIT) in a dual string and single string, and gas blanket (methane) in a concentric string. The results show that completion design configuration impacts the heat transfer and thermal efficiency of the circulation process.","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133675272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience with the Vacuum Insulated Tubing VIT Utilization at Gas Fields in the Northern Part of Western Siberia","authors":"Alexander Belomestnov, K. Marchenko, I. Melnikov","doi":"10.2118/193352-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193352-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Evaluating of VIT performance\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Statistics, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The utilization of Vacuum Insulated Tubing (VIT) is necessitated by the growing oil and gas development in northern regions of the Earth and application of thermal oil recovery methods. Conceptually, VIT consists of two (external and internal) pipes coaxially fixed at the ends, with the annular space filled with thermal insulation including getters (gas absorbers). After the pipes are assembled, air is evacuated from the annular space to create vacuum. Getters are fully activating within vacuumizing. Prior to commercial utilization at Gazprom, the VIT was tested at the Gazprom VNIIGAZ Institute (Russia) on a dedicated thermophysical testing bench. Tests were designed to measure the Coefficient of thermal conductivity (k-factor) of the VIT Vacuum Shield Thermal Insulation. Results obtained during the tests are as follows: with hot air (84…93°C) passing through the tube, the temperature of its external surface remained within the range of 28…35°C, while k-factor was 0.004…0.008 W/(m*K). Gazprom requirements k-factor with max. 0.012 W/(m*K). When VIT successfully passed bench tests, they were approved for utilization in the commercial development of the Bovanenkovskoye field operated by Gazprom. In order to gauge heat flux and effective k-factor of VIT walls at different gas flow rates and fluid temperatures, the design provides for satellite pipes to be installed within the gas well's cement column. At the moment, wellhead soil temperature observations are carried out regularly at VIT-equipped wells. Some gas wells have been monitored for 3 years now. The results of monitoring of 18 well pads (163 wells) the temperature stabilization of the permafrost soil at which is carried out only through the operation of seasonally active cooling systems (without the use of VIT) show temperature increases in the soil along the wellbore. Wells operated with VIT and cooling systems keep freezing temperatures within the cement column throughout the entire annual cycle. For steam injection technologies, may be used theoretically estimation about how temperature of steam decreases from top to bottom of well depending on VIT k-factor and length of VIT string. Such information needs for VIT well design.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Empirical information about VIT utilization\u0000","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115175087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAGD Circulation Phase: History-Match of Field Data in Lloydminster Reservoir using a Discretized Thermal Wellbore Modelling Simulator","authors":"Daniel Ayala, I. Gates","doi":"10.2118/193354-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193354-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Steam circulation in the early stages of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is crucial for establishing hydraulic communication between the injector and producer well and for the future development of the steam chamber. Steam is the carrier of enthalpy to the reservoir, and thus, the evolution of pressure, temperature, and steam quality is important for heat transfer efficiency. In the simulation of the circulation phase (start-up), most companies in Alberta neglect the heat loss around the wellbore in the vertical/build section of the well and assume a steam quality for the lateral section of the well. Also, most of the simulations found in the literature assume a source-sink approach where the frictional pressure drops along the wellbore and the heat conduction between the wellbore and the reservoir are negligible. In this paper, the steam circulation phase of a SAGD well pair is examined in detail, taking into account heat loss around the wellbore in the vertical/build section and heat transfer and fluid losses in the lateral section of the well pair. In the model developed, wellbore hydraulics is also accounted for by using a discretized wellbore model within a fully implicit coupled thermal reservoir simulator. Field data from the circulation phase or warm up phase of a SAGD well pair at the Lindbergh SAGD project was history-matched to better understand the effect of wellbore hydraulics and heat loss between the dual completion string design and wellbore. This research will help Pengrowth Energy Corporation take into account new operating strategies for future SAGD well pairs.","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115988209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material Selection for Thermal Inflow Control Device Manufacturing to Minimize the Silica and Calcium Carbonate Scaling Potential","authors":"Xiaoyong Qiu, Minfei Pan, L. Gong, Jun Huang, Mahdi Mahmoudi, R. Sabbagh, Vahidoddin Fattahpour, Colby Sutton, Jingli Luo, Hongbo Zeng","doi":"10.2118/193370-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193370-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Application of inflow control devices (ICDs) in a thermal producer has proven to be an effective solution to increase the wellbore performance and reduce production problems such as steam breakthrough. In challenging areas where the potential for scaling is greater, there is concern that the ICD could plug. Often, operators face severe nozzle plugging nozzles with silica and calcium carbonate scales. This work is intended to investigate the relative resistance of various materials to silica or calcium carbonate scaling. Bulk scaling tests on four types of coupons (4140 carbon steel, EN30B alloy steel, and two proprietary grades, proRC05 and proRS06) were conducted in the solution with similar chemical composition of common produced water in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), cyclic steam stimulation, and steamflood projects in Western Canada. Both silica scaling and calcium carbonate scaling tests were carried out to evaluate the anti-scaling performance of the material commonly used in manufacturing ICDs for these projects. The microstructure of the scale on the coupons after scaling tests were completed was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Force measurement using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe technique was applied to interpret the microscopic interactions between different substrate surfaces and silica or calcium carbonate particles. The detailed investigation on evaluating the scaling resistance of different materials provides useful insights into the selection of suitable materials for projects where scaling exists as a major problem.","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125787724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Assessment of Wire-Wrapped Screens Performance in SAGD Production Wells","authors":"J. D. M. Pallares, Chenxi Wang, M. Haftani, Yu Pang, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Vahidoddin Fattahpour, A. Nouri","doi":"10.2118/193375-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193375-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study presents an evaluation of Wire-Wrapped Screens (WWS) performance for SAGD production wells based on Pre-packed Sand Retention Testing (SRT). The impacts of features such as flow rates, water cut, steam-breakthrough events and fluid properties on flow performance and sand production are analyzed. The aim is to obtain a better understanding of WWS performance under several SAGD operational conditions for typical sand classes in the McMurray Formation in Western Canada.\u0000 The study employs a large pre-packed SRT to assess the performance of WWS with different aperture sizes and standard wire geometries. The testing plan includes sand samples with two representative particle size distributions (PSD's) and fines contents. Testing procedures were designed to capture typical field flow rates, water cut, and steam-breakthrough scenarios. The amount of sand production and pressure drop across the zone of the screen and adjacent sand were measured and used to assess the screen performance. Furthermore, fines production was measured to evaluate plugging tendencies and flow impairment during production.\u0000 The experimental results and data analysis show that aperture selection of WWS is dominated by their sand retention ability rather than the flow performance. The relatively high open flow area (OFA) makes WWS less prone to plugging. There is an increase in flow impairment after finalizing the injection scheme (oil+water+gas); however, it is controlled over the acceptable margins even with a narrow aperture. Further, a comparison of initial and final turbidity measurements showed that fines mobilization and production during single-phase brine flow was higher than in two-phase brine-oil flow at the same liquid flow rate. Excessive produced sand was observed for wider slots during the multi-phase (brine, oil, and gas) flow when gas was present, highlighting the impact of the breakthrough of wet steam on sand control performance. Flow impairment and pressure drop evolution were strongly related to the mobilization and accumulation of fines particles in the area close to the screen coupon; it is critical to allow the discharge of fines to maintain a high-retained permeability. Results also signify the importance of adopting adequate flow rates and production scenarios in the testing since variable water cuts and GORs showed to impact both sanding and flow performances.\u0000 This research incorporates both single-phase and multiphase flow testing to improve design criteria for wire-wrapped screens and provide an insight into their performance in thermal recovery projects. An improved post-mortem analysis includes fines production measurements to correlate these to the retained permeability caused by the pore plugging, which has hardly been evaluated in previous studies.","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121083123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of a Modified Autonomous Flow Control Device for SAGD Sub-Cool Management","authors":"M. Konopczynski","doi":"10.2118/193365-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193365-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes the application of Autonomous Inflow Control Devices to manage sub-cool in SAGD bitumen production wells. A modification of the AICD is proposed to increase the effectiveness of its performance restricting premature steam breakthrough.\u0000 Typical nozzle, short tube, and hybrid type passive ICD's are good at creating uniform inflow by creating additional pressure drop and flow restriction along the length of the wellbore, but once the steam/water interface reaches the device, the steam preferentially flow through at a higher rate with less pressure drop, creating further pressure drop in the steam chamber surrounding the device, more steam flashing, and a runaway situation which can only be cured by increasing the back pressure on the whole well.\u0000 The Autonomous Inflow Control Device (AICD) is an active flow control device that delivers a variable flow restriction in response to the properties of the fluid flowing through it. The RCP type of autonomous inflow control device (AICD) is much more effective in restricting vapour phased flow compared to liquid phased flow. The flow resistance of the RCP AICD is dictated by the viscosity and density of the fluid entering the device, not by what exits. As such, it does not create maximum flow resistance until steam reaches it, and for the SAGD process, this is too low a sub-cool value. By adding a small pressure drop upstream of the AICD, the device can respond to the onset of steam flashing, creating a significant pressure restriction and maintaining the desired sub-cool.\u0000 To ensure the proper design of the device and demonstrate its effectiveness in controlling steam flashing, the flow performance must be modelled honouring the thermodynamics of the associated phase changes.\u0000 The performance of the modified AICD is analysed in its ability to produce bitumen and water with minimum pressure drop while providing maximum control of wellbore steam flashing. Thermodynamic modelling demonstrates the ability of the modified AICD to reduce the impact of downstream pressure on the maintenance of desired sub-cool, allowing all zones in the SAGD wellbore to be produced at optimum drawdown and maximum rates. The study examines the performance of the device at a variety of flow rates, fluid types, and water conditions upstream of the device, from 10 C sub-cool to 10% steam quality, and compares it to the performance of traditional flow control devices.\u0000 The modified AICD provides a new and effective approach to managing SAGD sub-cool and maximizing bitumen productivity from a SAGD well, and ultimately improving steam chamber conformance and SAGD economics.","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116757297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Anisotropic Stresses on the Slotted Liners Performance in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Process","authors":"Chenxi Wang, Yu Pang, J. Montero, M. Haftani, Vahidoddin Fattahpour, Mahdi Mahmoudi, A. Nouri","doi":"10.2118/193347-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193347-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thermal stimulation techniques are widely used to exploit Western Canadian heavy oil assets. These techniques rely on injection of steam into the formation, inducing complex geomechanical stresses in the reservoir and surrounding strata during the life cycle of the project. In SAGD wells, the collapsed oil sand around the liner undergoes a stress buildup which causes gradual sand compaction. The stress buildup is influenced by several factors such as the in-situ stresses, reservoir poroelastic and thermal expansion, and reservoir shear dilation. However, the impact of stress level and anisotropy around the liner is not properly accounted for in previous research on slotted liner design. This paper investigates the effect of anisotropic stress buildup around slotted liners on their sanding and plugging performance under multiphase flow conditions.\u0000 A Scaled Completion Testing (SCT) facility was utilized to emulate multi-axial stress and multiphase flow conditions near the sand control liner. Brine, oil, and gas were used as flowing fluids. Sand-pack samples were prepared using commercial sands by matching the particle size, shape and, composition of the McMurray Formation oil sands. A constant lateral stress and several axial stresses were applied to simulate the stress conditions around the liner. The three-phase flow condition was used to evaluate the role of the steam breakthrough on the liner performance.\u0000 Experimental results indicate the critical role of stress conditions around the liner on its sanding and plugging responses. Results show gradual sand-pack compaction with the gradual increase of the axial stress. Higher axial stresses result in a smaller amount of produced sand, which can be attributed to the stronger inter-particle frictional resistance, hence, stronger and more stable sand bridges behind the slots. The higher compaction results in a lower porosity and permeability, hence, altering the plugging and sanding response of the liner. Also, higher retained permeabilities are found for stronger anisotropic stress conditions. Besides, it is found that the three-phase flow condition could cause a stronger fines migration and production, compared to single-phase flow.\u0000 The results of this study indicate that the stress and multiphase flow effects are crucial factors in the evaluation of slotted liner performance. The findings from the innovative experimental studies provide insights into the practicability of evaluating slotted liner performance with the consideration of sophisticated field conditions and optimizing the selection of the slotted liner aperture for the entire well lifespan.","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126239432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow Control Devices in SAGD - A System-Based Technology Solution","authors":"L. Burke, Claude Ghazar","doi":"10.2118/193353-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/193353-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Flow Control Devices (FCDs) in SAGD applications have succeeded and failed to varying degrees and their use has not been overly pervasive or fully accepted yet. However, recently it has been publicized that FCD technology has achieved upwards of 100% improvement in SAGD oil production and potential improvements in steam oil ratios (SOR), which has continued to spark interest in its application.\u0000 SAGD reservoirs are inherently heterogeneous and this presents distinct operational complexities when attempting to expedite the production of the oil while attempting to avoid steam breakthrough. Producing the steam reduces the thermal efficiency of the project which results in an increased SOR while also creating a high potential of compromising the mechanical integrity of the production liner. FCDs can mitigate the operational negatives and enhance the operational positives, however, they are not a ‘silver bullet’ for all ailments and their implementation needs to be carefully planned. This paper reviews FCD implementation workflows and highlights recent downhole instrumentation technology advancements that enhance FCD performance analysis and supports better deployment designs that should improve the economic viability of existing and upcoming SAGD projects.","PeriodicalId":360711,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, November 28, 2018","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121494867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}