Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine最新文献

Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Therapeutic Strategies Based on the Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury 基于急性和慢性脊髓损伤病理生理学的药物和非药物治疗策略

Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-13 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72781

Elisa García, Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera, José Mondragón-Caso, H. G. Carvajal, A. Ibarra

{"title":"Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Therapeutic Strategies Based on the Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Elisa García, Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera, José Mondragón-Caso, H. G. Carvajal, A. Ibarra","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72781","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a series of anatomic and physiological disorders which have severe repercussions on neural function. SCI is classified chronologically into an acute (primary and secondary phase) and a chronic phase. The primary phase results directly from the initial trauma and is comprised of disturbances in neural tissue (mainly axons), blood vessels, and spinal shock. Secondary injury results from a series of time- dependent pathophysiological changes, beginning in the first minutes after SCI and last-ing days and weeks. This phase is characterized by biochemical and immunological alterations in the injury site and periphery, leading to neuronal over-excitation, apoptosis, and axonal demyelination. In chronic stages, the pathophysiology consists of disturbances in fiber organization, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, fibroglial scar formation, and cyst formation, leading to parenchymal alterations such as syringomyelia and hydromyelia hin- dering the possibility for functional basal axonal regeneration. This chapter will review a wide range of pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic strategies in preclin- ical and clinical phases, each targeting different pathological mechanisms of SCI in acute and chronic stages of SCI; taking into account limitations, advances, scope, and new trends. The chapter focuses on the general aspects of SCI pathophysiology, pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments acute and chronic stages of SCI.","PeriodicalId":360555,"journal":{"name":"Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114330270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Cellular Transplantation-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injuries: Preclinical and Clinical Updates 基于细胞移植的脊髓损伤治疗策略:临床前和临床更新

Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-13 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73220

Ishaq N. Khan, W. Ramadan, G. A. Abdel-Hamid, Saleh Al-Karim, Habiba Aurangzeb

{"title":"Cellular Transplantation-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injuries: Preclinical and Clinical Updates","authors":"Ishaq N. Khan, W. Ramadan, G. A. Abdel-Hamid, Saleh Al-Karim, Habiba Aurangzeb","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73220","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a distressing neurological condition that causes loss of neural tissue, with subsequent damages to neural circuitry, and loss of sensorimotor function. The SCIs have an estimated incidence rate of ~80 cases per million populations. Till date, no ratified effective therapeutic strategy for SCIs exist; however, recent advancements in regenerative medicines to protect and regenerate damaged/lost neural tissues following SCIs have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials. Moreover, there is a greater need to fully understand underlying mechanisms following cellular transplanta- tion that can be achieved through proper differentiation of desired cell type, and their in-vivo tracking of migration, proliferation and integration into the host system. Further- more, techniques that can prevent teratomas formation following cellular transplantation have been reported. In addition to the ongoing comprehensive neuroregenerative and neuroprotective therapeutic strategies for SCIs, novel technologies are emerging including neuroscience-based computational and robotic rehabilitational therapies. These improved strategies in combination with cell-based therapeutic approaches are opening new avenues for future research to completely cure SCIs. Herein, we intended to review patho- physiological mechanisms following SCI, preclinical and clinical updates of cellular transplantation, the extent of success from these transplantations, associated controversies and other emerging technologies.","PeriodicalId":360555,"journal":{"name":"Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131502386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Role of Gait Training in Recovery of Standing and Walking in Subjects with Spinal Cord Injury 步态训练在脊髓损伤患者站立和行走恢复中的作用

Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-13 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71312

M. Arazpour, G. Sharifi, M. Mousavi, Maryam Maleki

引用次数: 3

Penetrating Spinal Cord Injury 脊髓穿透性损伤

Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Pub Date : 2018-06-13 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76857

M. Kramer, Asaf Acker, N. Ohana

引用次数: 6

Infectious Complications after Spinal Cord Injury 脊髓损伤后的感染性并发症

Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72783

F. Abbasi, S. Korooni

{"title":"Infectious Complications after Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"F. Abbasi, S. Korooni","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72783","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious diseases after spinal cord injury (SCI) are important. They can cause mortality and morbidity. The SCI patients usually stay in hospital or rehabilitation units for a long time, and this can cause several complications for them. Infectious complications: There are several infectious complications in these patients. Pressure ulcers that may be infected, soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, meningitis, epidural abscess, and subdural empyema are important complications. These diseases should be diagnosed and managed promptly, before leading to irreversible complications or death. Diagnosis: Diagnosis is made by physical examinations; laboratory tests like wound, urine, tracheal secretion, and blood culture with antibiogram; and radiologic evaluation like plain X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging may be used. Treatment: Appropriate antibiotics are cornerstone of infectious complications. Offloading is important for treatment of pressure ulcers and subsequent complications such as soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis. Prevention: Intermittent urinary catheterization and prophylactic antibiotic therapy can decrease UTI. Pressure relief, position changes, and regular and frequent observation of skin will prevent pressure ulcers, soft tissue infections, and osteomyelitis. Pulmonary toilet, appropriate positioning, and cough assistance can be useful for clearing retained secretions and preventing pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":360555,"journal":{"name":"Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130587591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Understanding Molecular Pathology along Injured Spinal Cord Axis: Moving Frontiers toward Effective Neuroprotection and Regeneration 了解损伤脊髓轴的分子病理学:向有效的神经保护和再生迈进

Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72118

D. Čížková, A. Murgoci, L. Kresakova, K. Vdoviaková, M. Cizek, T. Smolek, V. Cubinkova, Jusal Quanico, I. Fournier, M. Salzet

{"title":"Understanding Molecular Pathology along Injured Spinal Cord Axis: Moving Frontiers toward Effective Neuroprotection and Regeneration","authors":"D. Čížková, A. Murgoci, L. Kresakova, K. Vdoviaková, M. Cizek, T. Smolek, V. Cubinkova, Jusal Quanico, I. Fournier, M. Salzet","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.72118","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe, often life threatening, traumatic condition leading to serious neurological dysfunctions. The pathological hallmarks of SCI include inflamma tion, reactive gliosis, axonal demyelination, neuronal death, and cyst formation. Although much has been learned about the progression of SCI pathology affecting a large number of biochemical cascades and reactions, the roles of proteins involved in these processes are not well understood. Advances in proteomic technologies have made it possible to examine the spinal cord proteome from healthy and experimental animals and disclose a detailed overview on the spatial and temporal regionalization of these secondary processes. Data clearly demonstrated that neurotrophic molecules dominated in the segment above the central lesion, while the proteins associated with necrotic/apoptotic pathways abound the segment below the lesion. This knowledge is extremely important in finding optimal targets and pathways on which complementary neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches should be focused on. In terms of neuroprotection, several active substances and cell-based therapy together with biomaterials releasing bioactive substances showed partial improvement of spinal cord injury. However, one of the major challenges is to select specific therapies that can be combined safely and in the appropriate order to provide the maximum value of each individual treatment. and caudal axes, with expression of neurotrophic and immunomodula-tory factors in the in contrast to in the caudal These data indicate the importance of by inhibiting and to M2 clear impact on findings","PeriodicalId":360555,"journal":{"name":"Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122155812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Spastic Paraplegias Due to Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Disorders 非创伤性脊髓疾病引起的痉挛性截瘫

Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine Pub Date : 2017-12-20 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71457

H. Shimazaki

引用次数: 0