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The Rockefeller Foundation, the University New Music Center, and “Foundation Music” 洛克菲勒基金会，大学新音乐中心，和“基金会音乐”
Ask the Experts Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0005
M. Uy
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引用次数: 0
Epilogue 后记
Ask the Experts Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0008
M. Uy
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"M. Uy","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The epilogue discusses recent developments in arts funding and philanthropy. The divergent paths of Rockefeller and Ford—where the former discontinued its arts program and the latter rebranded its cultural work in terms of addressing “inequality”—is a revealing outcome of the increasing social and economic legitimation of arts funding. The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) experienced its first budget cut under President Reagan and then, amidst the culture wars, Congress slashed its budget further. Private contributions have increasingly taken up the slack, but not without their own challenges. New philanthropists are exploring limited liability corporations, donor-advised funds, and metrics and outcomes-based funding. With increasing economic and political inequality and decreasing civic engagement, the government funds foregone because of tax-deductible charitable contributions might be re-evaluated, as well as the ways the federal government may be better suited to provide resources more equitably. An ethics of expertise is now more critical.","PeriodicalId":357656,"journal":{"name":"Ask the Experts","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129291549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pluralism and Public-Private Relationships in the Field of Cultural Production 文化生产领域的多元主义与公私关系
Ask the Experts Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0004
M. Uy
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引用次数: 0
Defining Excellence, Quality, and Style 定义卓越，质量和风格
Ask the Experts Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0002
M. Uy
{"title":"Defining Excellence, Quality, and Style","authors":"M. Uy","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes several definitions and understandings of expertise, as well as its relational and social aspects. It investigates the role of artists and arts managers as “contributory experts.” Grantmaking institutions invited consultants and panelists to help them make cultural policy. One Rockefeller vice president referred to his music advisory committee as his “wise men” who guided the foundation in “the most creative and promising direction.” These experts, in turn, determined and defined artistic excellence and quality, deciding the fate of hundreds of millions of dollars in music. They chose which kinds of music and which composers and performers received foundation and government money. Experts evaluated criteria they believed to be objective, such as budgets and project feasibility, while also expressing their own subjective tastes and preferences. Peer and expert review provided a system of legitimization and authority while concentrating power in a remarkably small and overlapping network of artists.","PeriodicalId":357656,"journal":{"name":"Ask the Experts","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115692865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The National Endowment for the Arts, the U.S. Bicentennial, and the Expansion Arts and Jazz/Folk/Ethnic Programs 国家艺术基金会，美国200周年纪念，以及扩展艺术和爵士/民间/民族项目
Ask the Experts Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0007
M. Uy
{"title":"The National Endowment for the Arts, the U.S. Bicentennial, and the Expansion Arts and Jazz/Folk/Ethnic Programs","authors":"M. Uy","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the National Endowment for the Arts’s (NEA’s) jazz program, Expansion Arts division, Bicentennial fellowships for “jazz/folk/ethnic” artists, and Folk Arts division. While the NEA mirrored a policy of matching requirements in its Treasury grants—which supported predominantly symphony orchestras—it also provided several millions of dollars to otherwise underrepresented and undersupported artists and communities. Not only were the NEA’s officers keenly committed to helping jazz and folk music, but also they brought in experts from urban, suburban, and rural communities to work as program directors. Vantile Whitfield and A. B. Spellman—key figures in the black arts movement of the 1970s—became directors. These experts recruited panelists of a broader geographical, racial, and gender representation, and similarly funded more diverse musicians and artists. Compared to the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, which rarely provided funding to jazz or the music of minority communities, the government agency was a lifeline to otherwise unseen and unheard cultural practices.","PeriodicalId":357656,"journal":{"name":"Ask the Experts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130205487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gatekeeping from Within 从内部把关
Ask the Experts Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0003
M. Uy
{"title":"Gatekeeping from Within","authors":"M. Uy","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter elucidates the previously opaque and little-understood roles of foundation and National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) staff and officers, or “philanthropoids” as famous American writer Dwight Macdonald referred to them in his famous New Yorker article. These officers included program directors Walter Anderson (NEA) and Norman Lloyd (Rockefeller); vice president W. McNeil Lowry (Ford); and chairmen Roger Stevens (NEA) and Nancy Hanks (NEA). Foundation and NEA officers, as well as board of trustee members, were “interactional experts”—experts knowledgeable about a field, even if not actively contributing to new knowledge or self-identifying as experts—with tremendous influence in the operation of the system. They decided the kinds of outside voices that were heard in the decision-making process. They were gatekeepers, interlocutors, and translators between the outside consultants they recruited and grant applicants. They wielded the almighty red and black pens and their Rolodexes were a who’s who of asked experts.","PeriodicalId":357656,"journal":{"name":"Ask the Experts","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128990705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Ford Foundation, Matching Grants, and Endowment Building 福特基金会、配合奖助金及捐赠基金大楼
Ask the Experts Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0006
M. Uy
{"title":"The Ford Foundation, Matching Grants, and Endowment Building","authors":"M. Uy","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510445.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the Ford Foundation’s predominantly economics- and finance-based expertise, and the way it sustained the country’s largest and most expensive performing arts institutions: orchestras, operas, and conservatories. Ford accomplished its goals primarily through matching grants and endowments, hoping with matching requirements to diversify organizations’ funding sources and expand the public’s commitment to local arts. Based on the expert advice of economists and administrators, Ford intended endowments to be a permanent source of income for orchestras and conservatories, if they managed the invested principal properly. In practice, however, wealthy individuals on boards of trustees for institutions such as the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Juilliard School solidified their personal, social connections to elicit five-, six-, and sometimes seven-figure gifts. In general, ordinary citizens and the local community did not participate, and as a result, broad-based support never materialized. Orchestras and conservatories came back knocking on the foundation’s door again and again.","PeriodicalId":357656,"journal":{"name":"Ask the Experts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125850629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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