Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor最新文献

{"title":"Building Urban Community on the Margins: Stratonikeia and the Sanctuary of Zeus at Panamara","authors":"Christina G. Williamson","doi":"10.1163/9789004461277_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004461277_007","url":null,"abstract":"While Lagina was a local shrine that grew and expanded with Stratonikeia to become its religious center, the sanctuary of Zeus Karios at Panamara was already recognized as an important regional cult center in southern Karia.1 However, it, too, was gradually drawn into the orbit of Stratonikeia to become the next major urban sanctuary of the polis. This case study explores yet another kind of dynamic in the transition to polis sanctuary, one that entailed a major lateral shift in scope for Panamara, from the wider region of southern Karia with diverse communities towards the urban center in the north and its demographic base (Figure 6.1, and Figure 5.1 above). Through an examination of this transition it will become apparent how Stratonikeia came to replace, or absorb, the administering body of the sanctuary, but also how Panamara was used to achieve the same kinds of goals of the emerging polis as was Lagina: territorial integrity, social cohesion, and global recognition, albeit in a different way. Panamara and its environment have unfortunately not been subject to the same systematic archaeological investigations as Lagina, and much of the original landscape in the area has already been lost in the exploitation of lignite, or brown coal, through strip-mining. Our sources for this sanctuary and its environment are therefore severely limited, especially with regard to architecture and processional routes. Fortunately, however, the communities involved with the sanctuary at Panamara left hundreds of inscriptions behind that provide valuable insights into the way in which the sanctuary and cult of Zeus Karios were gradually realigned to meet the needs of Stratonikeia.","PeriodicalId":351732,"journal":{"name":"Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128209382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Microcosms: Syngeneiai and the Sanctuary of Sinuri","authors":"Christina G. Williamson","doi":"10.1163/9789004461277_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004461277_005","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas Labraunda was gradually, and not without resistance, transformed from a dynastic and regional religious center into a polis sanctuary for Hellenistic Mylasa, the shrine of the Karian god Sinuri underwent a similar transition, but at a smaller scale.1 Sinuri was a local deity about whom we know very little, other than that his sanctuary was also embellished by the Hekatomnids and was the focus of a highly vocal syngeneia, or kinship group. Very different from the commanding heights of Labraunda, the sanctuary of Sinuri is located in a narrow valley surrounded by mountains, some 15 kilometers southeast of Mylasa (Figures 4.1–4.4). Despite the modest setting, this","PeriodicalId":351732,"journal":{"name":"Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133014736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaching Country Sanctuaries","authors":"Christina G. Williamson","doi":"10.1163/9789004461277_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004461277_003","url":null,"abstract":"Although rising poleis in the Hellenistic period in Asia Minor frequently invested in established sanctuaries that were located far away from their urban centers, a line of inquiry to approach this phenomenon has yet to be developed. Investigations of such country sanctuaries until now have largely focused on questions of cultural identity or local autonomy in the face of shifting political landscapes. Yet the factor of human geography in this relationship is seldom problematized, even though long an object of study for the Archaic Greek world. A gap thus remains concerning country sanctuaries in Hellenistic Asia Minor and how they should be interpreted with regard to evolving urban systems. The aim of this chapter is to produce a framework of analysis that takes into account the complexities of the situation. Prior research on the phenomenon of ‘extra-urban’ sanctuaries in Archaic Greece and relevant studies in Asia Minor are taken as point of departure, raising significant aspects that need to be addressed. To understand the dynamics, however, theories drawn from other disciplines – spatial memory, ‘rational rituals’,1 network theory, and regional identity – are introduced that will help illuminate important factors regarding matters of motivation, agency, and impact behind the tightening relations between city and sanctuary. Taken together, the previous research, theories, and alternative models, inform the main domains of investigation defined in the framework of analysis, discussed in the final section of this chapter.","PeriodicalId":351732,"journal":{"name":"Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114516154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Festival Networks: Stratonikeia and the Sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina","authors":"Christina G. Williamson","doi":"10.1163/9789004461277_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004461277_006","url":null,"abstract":"In the two previous chapters, we saw how monumental sanctuaries in the civic territory of Mylasa could exhibit very different kinds of relationships with the polis: Labraunda was politically critical for both its strategic location and the symbolic capital of Zeus Labraundos among the wider population. By stark contrast, the sanctuary of the Karian god Sinuri played a central role in the social cohesion of its local community, giving us a microcosmic view of the aggregate polis. This chapter and the next will explore the urban dynamics of two other major sanctuaries in Karia, both of which found themselves within the territory of Mylasa’s rising neighbor, the polis of Stratonikeia, roughly 30 kilometers to the east. Stratonikeia, a Hellenistic foundation, came to absorb the older sanctuaries of Hekate at Lagina, some eight kilometers north-northwest of the city’s center, and Zeus at Panamara, roughly ten kilometers to the southeast (Figure 5.1). A closer examination of this development at each sanctuary will reveal more of the dynamics in the relationship between a country sanctuary and a composite polis. In this case, both sanctuaries ultimately served to foster internal social cohesion but also to establish a wider regional identity. Different from Mylasa, Stratonikeia was a new arrival in the Hellenistic era and both shrines appear to have been pivotal in consolidating the incorporated communities but also in the positioning of the polis on the regional and global map. Nonetheless, there are two important points of comparison between the younger polis and Mylasa, besides their mutual border and the possession of two major sanctuaries in their respective territories: both poleis were made up of a number of ancient communities, and both were located near the home sanctuary of a Karian federation – for Stratonikeia this was the sanctuary of Zeus Chrysaoreus. Strabo in fact describes the city primarily through the lens of this sanctuary, which has not yet been identified, and that of Hekate at Lagina as follows:","PeriodicalId":351732,"journal":{"name":"Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129934242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes","authors":"Christina G. Williamson","doi":"10.1163/9789004461277_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004461277_008","url":null,"abstract":"In this book, I have asked the question why autochthonous, local or regional sanctuaries were so vital to the development of poleis in Hellenistic Asia Minor even though they were located at great distances from the urban center. Although I have focused this research on a few case studies, the phenomenon was fairly common, as discussed in the introduction with the list of cities whose major sanctuaries were situated at a distance, sometimes even in faraway places (Table 1.1). In examining current approaches from archaeological and historical studies, it soon becomes apparent that available models are tailored to answer very different questions, regarding either the rural setting of urban sanctuaries in the context of Archaic and Classical Greece, or the degree of autonomy and economic, social or political dimensions of sanctuaries in Asia Minor. While both approaches have informed the framework of analysis applied here, they nonetheless leave a gap in interpreting the urban roles of major sanctuaries in the chora of poleis in Hellenistic Asia Minor, particularly regarding the dynamics of change that many of these local or regional shrines underwent as they were drawn into the orbit of the polis to become its primary sanctuary. The difference between the two main approaches lies not only in the nature of the disciplines of archaeology and history, but also in the different kinds of material or epigraphic data. I have attempted a synthesis, but have also noticed that the major studies in this area are largely informed by dualistic paradigms, with core-periphery, urban-rural, civilized-wild, and even Greek-non-Greek polarities that are more reflective of modern concerns than ancient realities. Since such biases will inevitably steer the results, I took a step back to look to other disciplines in order to gain a broader perspective on some of the fundamental issues at hand. Perceptions of space and landscape, ritual, cross-community contact, and identity are often taken at face value in studies of antiquity, yet are central concerns to the cognitive, social and spatial sciences. These disciplines help problematize these issues from very different angles, even if they require some tweaking before being applicable to the ancient world. This current study incorporates relevant issues drawn from these various approaches that should be taken into account. The resulting framework of analysis, discussed in Chapter 2, provides a holistic tool that can help assess the multifarious contexts of sanctuaries in Asia Minor in the Hellenistic period. No two sanctuaries were alike, nor were their relationships with their","PeriodicalId":351732,"journal":{"name":"Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134061893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memory and Control: Mylasa and the Sanctuary of Zeus Labraundos","authors":"Christina G. Williamson","doi":"10.1163/9789004461277_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004461277_004","url":null,"abstract":"Mylasa is situated in inland Karia (Figure 3.1), a mountainous region known primarily for its hilltop settlements and sanctuaries until it underwent a wave of urbanization in the fourth century BC. The Hekatomnids, the local dynasty chosen to rule Karia as satraps under the Achaemenid empire, conducted an intensive reorganization of the region that included the foundation of cities and the monumentalization of key sanctuaries. Mylasa was home to the Hekatomnids and hence one of the first to benefit from their legacy. The polis remained a major center in the region for generations to come. With its rich sacred landscape, Mylasa provides an excellent starting point for this study. By the first century BC, Strabo writes of Mylasa and its sanctuaries:","PeriodicalId":351732,"journal":{"name":"Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132691190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}