Monitoring of Marine Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Marine Monitoring Pollution","authors":"H. Fouzia, Boufeniza Redouane Larbi, Adem Amina, Chabi Nacera, Bachari Nour El Islam","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.83846","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring the quality of the marine and coastal environment combines activities of various kinds and is defined as a type of activity that can be exercised on a regulatory basis (this is a control) or to evaluate levels or trends for a scientific study. This definition made it possible to clarify later, after a good number of debates, the definition of the monitoring objectives. It was at the origin of the extensive definition produced by the Oslo and Paris Conventions (the OSPAR Convention), which constitutes the most current reference: “continuous monitoring is the repeated measure of the quality of the marine environment and of each of its compartments, namely, water, sediment and living environment; natural or anthropogenic activities or inputs that may affect the quality of the marine environment; and the effects of its activities and contributions” [1]. Monitoring of the coastal and marine environment in particular requires the study of water (physical chemistry, temperature, salinity, oxygen, bacteriology, etc.), the sediment (grain size, micro, etc.), and living (benthos, plants, magnoliophytes, algae, fish, coral, biomonitoring, bioindicators). The methods and means of analysis and monitoring features of the marine and coastal environment (physical and chemical parameters, pollutants, nutrients, etc.) are numerous. Measurements are essential for understanding and interpreting data to accomplish the goals of surveillance [2]. The study of environmental pollution implies as a precise knowledge as possible of the distribution of pollutants in ecosystems and their effects on living organisms. Sometimes, it is customary to distinguish between a chemical monitoring whose purpose is to determine the level of contamination by a particular pollutant biotope and biomass and other biological monitoring which aims to assess the impact at a given moment or time of environmental pollution on exposed populations and communities. Since the critical level of ecotoxicological concentration-response relationship to a given pollutant is known, it will subsequently be possible to establish environmental protection standards for the pollutant under consideration.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128980746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sediment and Organisms as Marker for Metal Pollution","authors":"O. M. Chuan, K. Yunus","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85569","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution caused by metal elements has drawn increasing attention worldwide due to the increase of anthropogenic contaminants to the marine ecosystems. Pollution of the natural environment by metals is a serious problem because these elements are indestructible and most of them have toxic effects on living organisms, when they exceed a certain concentration. Sediments are widely used as geo-marker for monitoring and identifying the possible sources since sediment can act as sink for the pollutants. Most metals are bound in fine-grain fraction because of its high surface area-to-grain size ratio where they have a greater biological availability compared to those in larger fraction. Lying in the second trophic level in the aquatic ecosystem, shellfish species have long been known to accumulate both essential and non-essential metals. Many researchers have reported the potentiality of using mollusks, especially mussel and oyster species, as bioindicators or biomarkers for monitoring the metal contamination of the aquatic system.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130943489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decadal Pollution Assessment and Monitoring along the Kenya Coast","authors":"E. Okuku, Kiteresi Linet Imbayi, Owato Gilbert Omondi, Wanjeri Veronica Ogolla Wayayi, Mwalugha Catherine Sezi, Kombo Mokeira Maureen, S. Mwangi, N. Oduor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82606","url":null,"abstract":"Marine contamination arising from land-based sources is on the rise along the Kenyan Coast. We carried out a decadal pollution survey between 2008 and 2018 to determine the levels of various pollutants (nutrients, trace metals, persistent organic pollutants, and 210 Po) in water, sediment, and biota collected from selected locations in Kenya. Nutrient levels in water ranged between <0.10 and 1560.00, <0.10 and 1320.00, and <0.10 and 3280.00 μ g/L for PO 43 − -P, (NO 2 − + NO 3 − )-N, and NH 4+ -N, respectively, while Chl-a values ranged between 0.02 and 119.37 mg/L. Total PAH, PCBs, and OCPs in sediment from the studied locations ranged from BDL-37800, 0.012–7.99 and BDL-6.10 ng/g. High level of PAH in Kilindini port was primarily from petroleum sources. DDD + DDE/DDT ratio was above 0.5 suggesting historical input. Sediment trace metal concentration from selected locations in Kenyan estuaries had various ranges, that is, Al (0.06–9804284.00 μ g/g), Zn (3.82–367.20 μ g/g), Cu (7.5–169.60), Cd (DL − 2.40 μ g/g), Mn (BDL-169.60 μ g/g), Cr (2.55–239.10 μ g/g), and Pb (BDL-135.60) μ g/g dw. Surface sediment 210 Po activities ranged between 20.29 and 43.44 Bq kg − 1 dw. Chl-a and PO 43 − -P data revealed enhance primary productivity in Mombasa peri-urban creeks and estuarine areas. Although the reported concentrations of trace metals and POPs are low in most locations from Kenya, there is a potential risk of bioaccumulation of these contaminants in marine biota; thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring to protect both ecosystem and human health.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"306 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124365670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Benthic Foraminifera to Environmental Variability: Importance of Benthic Foraminifera in Monitoring Studies","authors":"M. Martins, C. Yamashita, S. Sousa, E. Koutsoukos, S. T. Disaró, J. Debenay, W. Duleba","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81658","url":null,"abstract":"Foraminifera are eukaryotic unicellular microorganisms inhabiting all marine environments. The study of these protists has huge potential implications and ben-efits. They are good indicators of global change and are also promising indicators of the environmental health of marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, much remains to be learned about foraminiferal ecology. The goals of this chapter are (1) to provide a few examples from foraminifera studies, presenting possible use of foraminifera as bioindicators for the monitoring of transitional and marine ecosystems and (2) to highlight the importance of applying these organisms in environmental monitoring studies. A semienclosed coastal lagoon (Aveiro Lagoon; Portugal), an estuarine system (São Sebastião Channel; SE Brazil), a continental shelf sector (Campos Basin; SE Brazil), and a segment of continental slope (Campos Basin; SE Brazil) are used as examples.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128167535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen and Phosphorus Eutrophication in Marine Ecosystems","authors":"L. Ngatia, J. Grace, D. Moriasi, Robert Taylor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81869","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) eutrophication in marine ecosystems is a global problem. Marine eutrophication has a negative impact on food security, ecosystem health and economy through disruptions in tourism, fisheries and health industries. Both N and P have known point and non-point sources. Control of point sources has been easier than non-point sources particularly agricultural sources for both N and P as well as fossil fuel combustion for N, which remains a major challenge. Implementing mitigation strategies for N has been reported to be effective for P mitigation; however, the converse is not true due to mobility and volatility of N. Excessive N and P cause algae blooms, anoxic conditions, and ocean acidification with these conditions leading to dead zones, fish kill, toxin production, altered plant species diversity, food web disruption, tourism disruption and health issues. Management of N and P pollution includes reduction of leaching from farms through crop selection, timely and precise application of fertilizer and building artificial wetlands, proper management of animal waste, reduction of fossil fuel N emission, mitigating N and P from urban sources and restoration of aquatic ecosystem. Mitigation measures need to focus on dual nutrient strategy for successful N and P reduction.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127284583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil Spill Dispersion Forecasting Models","authors":"A. Zafirakou","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81764","url":null,"abstract":"Oil spill models are used worldwide to simulate the evolution of an oil slick that occurs after an accidental ship collision or during oil extraction or other oil tanker activities. The simulation of the transport and fate of an oil slick in the sea, by evaluating the physicochemical processes that take place between oil phase and the water column, is the base for the recognition and assessment of its environmental effects. Numerous oil spill dispersion models exist in the bibliography. The contri-bution of this chapter is the introduction of a 3D oil slick simulation model developed by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, which has been recurrently used in different updated forms and applied in operational mode, since 1991 when it was originally created. The model has been tested in various hypothetical scenarios in North Aegean Sea, Greece, and responded with great success. Findings of the present study highlight the existing experience on the subject and denote the applicability of such models in either tracing the source of a spill or in predicting its path and spread, thus proving their value in real-time crisis management.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127523127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hazards of Monitoring Ecosystem Ocean Health in the Gulf of Mexico: A Mexican Perspective","authors":"L. Soto, A. Estradas‐Romero, Diana L. Salcedo, A. Botello, G. Ponce-Vélez","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81685","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological services provided by the Gulf of Mexico constitute vital assets for the socioeconomic development of the USA, Mexico, and Cuba. This ecosystem houses vast biodiversity and significant fossil fuel reserves. However, its ecological stability and resilience have been jeopardized by anthropogenic disturbances. Massive oil spills (Ixtoc-I, 1979; Deepwater Horizon, 2010) caused severe environmental injuries and unveiled the vulnerability of coastal and deep-sea habitats. Baseline and monitoring studies are actions implemented by the Gulf stakeholders to cope with such disturbances. The 3-year monitoring program implemented by Mexico in 2010 to assess the environmental damage caused by the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) event confirmed the void of knowledge on the complexity of physical and biological processes susceptible of being altered by oil spills. Between the pelagic and benthic compartments, the latter proved to be a better option in establishing the baseline concentration and trends of oil compounds. Surficial sediments exhibited an increasing concentration trend of PAH, AH, and trace metals throughout the 3-year monitoring. The macroinfauna and selected biomarkers experienced interannual variability attributed to critical hydrocarbon and trace metal thresholds. Sediment toxicity bioassays added support to the distribution and potential sources of oil contaminants dispersed from the northern gulf toward Mexican waters.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128667631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and Monitoring of Marine Pollution Using Remote Sensing Technologies","authors":"Sidrah Hafeez, M. Wong, Sawaid Abbas, C. Y. Kwok, J. Nichol, Kwonho Lee, Danling Tang, L. Pun","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81657","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the marine habitat has been under pollution threat, which impacts many human activities as well as human life. Increasing concerns about pollution levels in the oceans and coastal regions have led to multiple approaches for measur-ing and mitigating marine pollution, in order to achieve sustainable marine water quality. Satellite remote sensing, covering large and remote areas, is considered useful for detecting and monitoring marine pollution. Recent developments in sensor technologies have transformed remote sensing into an effective means of monitoring marine areas. Different remote sensing platforms and sensors have their own capabilities for mapping and monitoring water pollution of different types, characteristics, and concentrations. This chapter will discuss and elaborate the merits and limitations of these remote sensing techniques for mapping oil pollutants, suspended solid concentrations, algal blooms, and floating plastic waste in marine waters.","PeriodicalId":348055,"journal":{"name":"Monitoring of Marine Pollution","volume":"454 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120897277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}