SRPN: Agribusiness (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Building Resilience in Food Value Chains Through Natural Capital Accounting (NCA); a Perspective From the Asian Region","authors":"Janardhana Anjanappa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3739887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3739887","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have addressed issues related to food value chains focusing on reducing food loss and food waste (FLW) and improving efficiency and improve food security. In order to make food more accessible, affordable, and safe, food systems have contributed to unsustainable land-use practices, depletion of freshwater, pollution from chemicals, disruption of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, biodiversity loss, and climate change. The present research captures broad range issues of food value chains but does not pay attention to access to natural capital and its dependencies. Since, it may have variety of impact and dependencies in their direct operations in the value chain. Therefore, this study proposes a framework to measure access to natural capital and its dependencies in food value chains and mainstreaming NCA within organizations of food value chains. A more-detailed quantification at each stage would also help a better understanding of the driving factors of FLW and natural capital exploitation at different stages. As a result, it helps policy-makers better understand which policies and strategies have been most-effective at achieving FLW reductions, and contribute overall to the reduction of FLW and the sustainability of the food system. Further, it helps to formulate regulations for companies that are damaging the natural capital and provide incentives for those who adopted sustainable management to mitigate environmental degradation.","PeriodicalId":347798,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Agribusiness (Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114941109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Credit System in India: Evolution, Effectiveness and Innovations","authors":"A. Gulati, R. Juneja","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3454423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3454423","url":null,"abstract":"Indian agriculture is dominated by smallholders. With an average holding size of just 1.08 ha (in 2015-16), and 86 percent of holdings being of less than 2 ha size, Indian agriculture produces sufficient food, feed, and fiber for India's large population of 1.35 billion, and in addition generates some net export surplus. This would not have been possible without the infusion of massive credit to farmers to buy modern inputs ranging from seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery, etc. But how has this system of agri-credit evolved in India over time? What is its organizational structure, and how effective is it in terms of its reach, especially to smallholders? How efficiently can it deliver credit and what sorts of innovations are unfolding in this sector to make it more efficient, inclusive and sustainable? These are some of the key questions that are addressed in this paper. <br><br>Our analysis in this paper shows that the Indian agri-credit system has made commendable progress, with major policy changes, especially in 1969. The share of institutional credit to farming households in overall credit increased from about 10 percent in 1951 to 63 percent in 1981. But since then it has hovered around that level until 2013, the latest year for which this information is available from All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS). However, total direct agri-credit (loans outstanding) from formal institutional sources as a percentage of AgGDP increased from about 16 percent in FY1982 to about 42 percent in FY2017; and direct short term institutional credit (loans outstanding) as a percentage of input requirements in agriculture increased from 22 percent in 1990-91 to 123 percent in 2015-16. This indicates that formal credit has been meeting all the requirements of inputs needed for modern agriculture. Also, in terms of inclusiveness, agri-credit institutions have played a major role. Small and marginal farmers, who operate on 47 percent of the operated area and account for 86 percent of the total operational holdings (number), get about 60 percent of institutional loans for agricultural purposes. This is a commendable achievement, although further improvements are always possible. Despite the mushrooming of several microfinance institutions and various innovations in banking, commercial banks remain the main source of formal finance to farmers, accounting for 75 percent of loans outstanding to farmers in 2017, followed by cooperatives at 13 percent and RRBs at 12 percent. Innovations in agri-credit policies (PSL/PSLC), credit instruments (KCC), organizations (MF institutions), business correspondents and micro-ATMs, are all helping to improve farmers’ access to institutional finance. However, most of them focus on productive activities, which presumably push consumption credit to informal sources. The fact that the share of institutional credit in overall credit to agriculture has remained within a narrow range of around 60-65 percent for decades ","PeriodicalId":347798,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Agribusiness (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126045501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Framework to Deal with Food Insecurity in the Far North Region of Cameroon","authors":"Valerie Nadege Guibou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2955023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2955023","url":null,"abstract":"According to UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2015), the food security and nutrition situation in Cameroon has deteriorated due to multiple shocks such as the influx of refugees from the Central African Republic and Nigeria, increasing insecurity and natural disasters. In early 2015, the number of food insecure people stands three times higher than two years ago, affecting one out of seven people in the two worst hit regions of Far North and North. Malnutrition rates are also on the increase, with a 40% rise in SAM cases since 2014. Refugees and IDP children are particularly affected by rising malnutrition. \u0000More than 70 percent of farmers in the Far North have deserted their fields since 2015. In those areas where food is still available, the prices have increased, making it difficult for many people, especially those now out of work, to afford. In Mayo-Sava, for example, a bag of rice now costs around $50 as compared to $40 this time last year. The price per kilogram of corn and millet has increased from $0.80 to $1.00. Even during times of peace, Northern Cameroon is an area that is plagued by water shortages and a harsh climate. An estimated 25 to 30 percent of the land is barren. The region sees no rainfall for at least nine months of the year and temperatures often reach above 45 degrees Celsius, making it difficult to keep crops watered and for farmers to work under the scorching sun. Women’s vulnerability in these communities is aggravated by cultural and social practices, which dictate that women do more physical work than men, sometimes walking for hours at a time just to find wood and water. Malnutrition rates among IDPs and host communities vary, but many are above 15 percent, especially along the border with Nigeria. \u0000Since January, 1st 2016, the world officially began the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; the transformative plan of action based on 17 Sustainable Development Goals, to address urgent global challenges over the next 15 years. This agenda is a road map for people and the planet that will build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals and ensure sustainable social and economic progress worldwide. It seeks not only to eradicate extreme poverty like in the Far North of Cameroon, but also to integrate and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development namely; economic, social and environmental, in a comprehensive global vision. This goal seeks to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition and to achieve sustainable food production by 2030. It is premised on the idea that everyone, even those in remote areas like Far North of Cameroon, should have access to sufficient nutritious food, which will require widespread promotion of sustainable agriculture, a doubling of agricultural productivity, increased investments and properly functioning food markets. \u0000The Cameroonian Government is sensitive about the importance of agriculture to the wellbeing of the State ","PeriodicalId":347798,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Agribusiness (Topic)","volume":"81 S1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120843006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agriculture Modernization, Investment, and Structural Change","authors":"Zongye Huang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2569027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2569027","url":null,"abstract":"A key feature of economic growth is the inevitable structural change across sectors: the agriculture sector shrinks, the service sector rises, and the manufacturing sector performs a hump-shaped pattern. In addition, empirical observations reveal that the historical investment rates in today's developed countries also follow a similar hump pattern. This paper intends to explore the theoretical linkage of these two key variables. Following recent research, we propose that the modernization of agriculture is the fundamental mechanism which forms these two hump-shaped patterns simultaneously. We construct a multi-sector general equilibrium model and investigate the growth path in four sub-stages. Unique to our model is the emphasis on the role of capital accumulation in such a process. As workers leave the traditional agriculture sector and entering the modern sectors, their demand for capital goods temporally raises the investment rate. Since the majority of capital goods comes from the manufacturing sector, the manufacturing employment share would first rise, then decline and converge to its long run steady state. This long-run equilibrium of our model is on a generalized balanced growth path as defined by Kongsamut, Rebelo, and Xie, (2001). The empirical test confirms that a more rapid decline of agriculture employment is associated with a higher rate of investment. Using a numerical example, we show that the peak moment of manufacturing employment share is associated with the completion of the technology adoption for modern agriculture technology, which is consistent with historical observations. Our model illustrates that it doesn't require unbalanced technology growth to derive the hump-shaped pattern in manufacturing employment.","PeriodicalId":347798,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Agribusiness (Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116061894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Estimation of Supply and Demand Elasticities of Agricultural Commodites","authors":"F. Santeramo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2441539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2441539","url":null,"abstract":"The report provides a literature review on the topic of estimation of demand and supply elasticities. To this end, it starts the discussion by summarizing the main facets of production theory and consumer theory to introduce the concept of elasticities, with examples of different types of elasticities most utilized in the literature. Next, it discusses the identification problem in estimating elasticities, i.e. the issue of having to solve for unique values of the parameters of the structural model from the values of the parameters of the reduced form of the model. It summarizes various methodologies employed in the literature to solve this problem and gives practical examples. These solutions include, but are not limited to, using instrumental variables, adopting a recursive structure, holding demand constant, and imposing inequality constraints in order to restrict the domain of estimates.","PeriodicalId":347798,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Agribusiness (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117150714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}