CommRN: Peace & Conflict Studies (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Social Media Compliance Programs and the War Against Terrorism","authors":"S. Klein, Crystal M. Flinn","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2833368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2833368","url":null,"abstract":"According to press reports in December of 2015, terrorist Tashfeen Malik posted her allegiance to ISIS on her Facebook account before killing 14 innocent civilians at the County Health Department in San Bernardino, California. Though Facebook had removed her account as violative of internal company rules, the government was not immediately alerted by the company to the existence of the post -- or the possibility of an attack. In a more recent example, gunman Omar Mateen checked his own Facebook posts and other social media accounts during the five-hour standoff in the Orlando bar where he killed 49 people on June 19, 2016, to verify that his pledge to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State, had been properly publicized. We suggest in this article that social media companies, like other corporate entities, should be legally required to institute compliance programs that ferret out and report terrorist activity at the earliest possible opportunity. Most of these companies, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram, already have internal rules against messages that might violate the federal prohibition against material support to terrorists or to a Foreign Terrorist Organization. Lesser known and new sites, such as Tumblr and Soundcloud, and even nonprofits such as Internet Archive in San Francisco, should be forced to follow suite. Additionally, many of these companies already have both a method of internal reporting by other users against rule-breakers, as well as computer programs that seek out key words to alert company monitors that a breach of internal rules might be occurring. We suggest two supplementary federal proposals.The first would create a new substantive offense; it would criminalize the failure by social media companies to discover terrorism-related posts by its users and to immediately release the posts to the government. A social media company would be guilty of this new crime if it knowingly, recklessly, or even negligently failed to institute a government-approved compliance program and report any suspicious results it discovered through its program to federal authorities. We realize that this proposal is strong medicine. However, we believe that the danger of online terror activity warrants such a vigorous federal response. This proposal does not replicate the Online Terrorism Activity Act recently proposed by Senator Feinstein, though we agree that her bill ought to be enacted. We are not suggesting merely that the social media companies be required to report known terrorist activity to federal law enforcement agents. Rather, we would require such companies to monitor customers for compliance with 18 U.S.C. sections 2339 to 2339D and other terrorism offenses on pain of criminal liability. And rather than automatically shutting such accounts down when they are discovered, which may have adverse unintended consequences, we would shift those decisions to the FBI experts best suited to make them. In some cas","PeriodicalId":346019,"journal":{"name":"CommRN: Peace & Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128674343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Government Distortion in Independently Owned Media: Evidence from U.S. Cold War News Coverage of Human Rights","authors":"Nancy Qian, David Yanagizawa","doi":"10.1093/JEEA/JVX007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JEEA/JVX007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the extent to which strategic objectives of the U.S. government influenced news coverage during the Cold War. We establish two relationships: 1) strategic objectives of the U.S. government cause the State Department to under-report human rights violations of strategic allies; and 2) these objectives reduce news coverage of human rights abuses for strategic allies in six U.S. national newspapers. To establish causality, we exploit plausibly exogenous variation in a country's strategic value to the U.S. from the interaction of its political alliance to the U.S. and membership on the United Nations Security Council. In addition to the main results, we are able to provide qualitative evidence and indirect quantitative evidence to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the reduced form effects.","PeriodicalId":346019,"journal":{"name":"CommRN: Peace & Conflict Studies (Topic)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121122350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}