{"title":"Genuine and False Memories","authors":"Sean M. Lane, K. Houston","doi":"10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Memory researchers often use the terms veridical (true) memory and false memory to contrast situations where a memory report is consistent with, versus different from, the original experienced event. In this chapter, what it means for a memory to be false is discussed; the Source Monitoring Framework and the processes used by people to discriminate true from false memories, as well as the phenomenology of false memories as studied in the laboratory compared to those encountered in the field, is described. In situations such as criminal, intelligence, or accident investigations, inaccurate memories can lead to major errors in decision-making, including wrongly incarcerated individuals, inappropriate conclusions, or missed opportunities to increase worker safety. This chapter explores the processes by which false memories are created, as well as the support structures that may increase the likelihood of veridical memory formation.","PeriodicalId":338368,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Eyewitness Memory","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121896866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Helping Eyewitness Memory","authors":"Sean M. Lane, K. Houston","doi":"10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The more we understand the mechanisms underlying memory, the better we will be able to design ways to help witnesses remember accurately. In this final chapter, the ways in which our understanding of memory might be used to aid in the elicitation and recording of accurate eyewitness testimony are reviewed. Taking state-of-the-art recommendations for the collection of eyewitness memory evidence, how the research reviewed in this book supports the recommendations for practice is discussed. Some of these applications include techniques to help witnesses remember events more accurately, as well as techniques that investigators may use for evaluating the accuracy of eyewitness reports. Also discussed are promising new approaches for utilizing eyewitness memory to solve crimes, such as using the reports of multiple witnesses to develop an accurate model of what occurred during the event. Finally, the gaps that remain in our understanding of how eyewitness memory functions and areas where we believe future research efforts should be focused are discussed.","PeriodicalId":338368,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Eyewitness Memory","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126493899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emotion and Stress","authors":"Sean M. Lane, K. Houston","doi":"10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Emotion provides motivation for action, communicates our internal reactions to other people, draws our attention to stimuli that elicit emotional arousal, and often leads certain events to stand out in memory relative to nonemotional ones. Stress describes the physical responses we have in response to potential threats in the environment. Emotional arousal and stress often accompany exposure to eyewitness events and thus are likely to influence these memories. There is a substantial basic research literature that has probed the psychological and physiological mechanisms by which emotional arousal and stress exert their effects. Contrary to common wisdom, emotional arousal and/or stress does not simply strengthen memory and increase retention. Instead, this relationship is more complex. Both aspects can strengthen, impair or have no effect on memory. In this chapter, the current theoretical understanding of the mechanisms by which emotional arousal and stress affect memory are discussed. Both topics provide a good illustration of how physiological, neuroscientific, and psychological mechanisms can be integrated in the context of theory. Together, both streams of research suggest systematic ways that eyewitness memory is likely to be affected by emotional arousal and stress by influencing the accuracy or completeness of a witness’s report.","PeriodicalId":338368,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Eyewitness Memory","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133044338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memory for Persons","authors":"Sean M. Lane, K. Houston","doi":"10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The criminal justice system places immense weight on the ability of a witness or victim to accurately describe and then identify/recognize their attacker, who, in most cases, is a previously unfamiliar person. In this chapter, the focus is on our ability to provide person descriptions. First, this chapter considers the current literature on person descriptions and the inherent difficulties that are involved in describing people. Second, issues of intoxication, age, and race in person descriptions are considered. Finally, whether there is a link between the ability to describe a perpetrator and the ability to recognize/identify one is considered.","PeriodicalId":338368,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Eyewitness Memory","volume":"130 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126025836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remembering Changes Memory","authors":"Sean M. Lane, K. Houston","doi":"10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The act of remembering is not simply the nonreactive accessing of a memory representation and has the potential to shape the nature of our them because memory is a dynamic, constructive process, based on memory cues, selectively accessed elements of memory trace, imagination, and inferences based on general or personal knowledge. In this chapter, how remembering changes memory is discussed, including how the research in this area has closely aligned with the test-taking effect, in which over multiple recollections of an event a person recalls details not included in previous retellings. Remembering, in some instances, can be enhanced through using techniques such as the Cognitive Interview and the Self-Administered Interview. In other instances, remembering can hinder a person’s recall, such as in retrieval-induced forgetting and reconsolidation. In addition, how an event is recalled, such as through storytelling or writing, can have affect what is remembered is considered, as well as future needs in this area of research.","PeriodicalId":338368,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Eyewitness Memory","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131438930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distinguishing Between Genuine and False Memories","authors":"Sean M. Lane, K. Houston","doi":"10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of most forensic situations, the issue of whether a memory is genuine concerns whether it is based on the witness’s experience at the time of an event or whether it comes from another source, such as from subsequent conversations with other witnesses or investigators or from exposure to media reports. Because memories do not come with “tags” that specify their source (e.g., whether the memory is based on perception rather than imagination), people must make such judgments by evaluating the characteristics of their memory representations (e.g., the Source Monitoring Framework). In this chapter, we focus on studies that explore psychological and neurological features that might differentiate between them. In addition, we review research that examines other means of distinguishing the veracity of memories, including studies investigating situations in which confidence can be a strong predictor of accuracy. Altogether, research in this area provides insight into the nature of decision processes in memory and suggests ways we might be able to improve the accuracy of eyewitness reports.","PeriodicalId":338368,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Eyewitness Memory","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114848742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recognizing Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces","authors":"Sean M. Lane, K. Houston","doi":"10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479842513.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"When an eyewitness identifies a suspect from a lineup, that evidence is interpreted by the criminal justice system as a strong indication that the identified person is the perpetrator who committed the crime. However, the ability to accurately recognize a face depends largely on whether that face is familiar or unfamiliar. A wealth of research suggests that recognition of unfamiliar faces is so poor that unless the witness is personally familiar (i.e., a close friend) with the suspect they will have little chance of being able to accurately recognize him or her in a lineup. This chapter reviews the research on familiar and unfamiliar face recognition and the implications of these findings for the criminal justice system regarding eyewitness identification.","PeriodicalId":338368,"journal":{"name":"Understanding Eyewitness Memory","volume":"245 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120913119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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