{"title":"Reconstructing fairness: the problem with fair use exclusivity","authors":"M. Borghi","doi":"10.4337/9781839104374.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104374.00010","url":null,"abstract":"Exemptions from copyright infringement play a pivotal role in the new digital economy. Tech companies rely heavily on fair use, fair dealing and other statutory exceptions, as well as on safeharbour limitations of liability. For many businesses, the availability of a copyright exemption represents an asset that is as valuable as other intellectual property rights in their portfolio. This trend is also reflected at policy level worldwide, where so-called ‘fair use industries’ push for stronger exemptions by use of strategies and arguments that are very similar (albeit specular) to those applied by traditional copyright industries to lobby for stronger copyright protection. This changing role of copyright exemptions carries important policy and doctrinal implications, which form the subject of this chapter. The key point of discussion is that beneficiaries of exemptions are often in a position to create proprietary or quasi-proprietary entitlements around their copyrightexempted uses, thereby turning exemptions into de facto exclusive rights in reverse. I call this phenomenon ‘fair use exclusivity.’ The chapter considers some paradigmatic examples of fair use exclusivity. It then discusses, from a normative perspective, possible approaches that legislators can adopt to ensure a fair, unbiased functioning of copyright exemptions in the new digital environment.","PeriodicalId":333493,"journal":{"name":"Fairness, Morality and Ordre Public in Intellectual Property","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121799820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Capturing the dynamism of fairness: a common law perspective","authors":"Poorna Mysoor","doi":"10.4337/9781839104374.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104374.00007","url":null,"abstract":"Statutory limitations and exceptions are often put forward as the balancing mechanism of copyright law. As provisions that cater to the interests of various stakeholders, these are meant to bring fairness into the copyright system. However, statutory limitations and exceptions are steeped in formalism, which is manifest in three important ways. First, formalism dictates that these limitations and exceptions are statutory – meaning that the law only recognises the legislature as the repository of powers to limit or exclude copyright protection. Secondly, formalism requires that these limitations and exceptions are exhaustively enumerated in the statute. Thus, the role of the courts is limited to interpreting the express language of the statutory limitations and exceptions so enumerated. Thirdly, the structure of the formalism is such that copyright protection is the norm from which these limitations and exceptions are then carved out, addressing specific instances of permitted use of a copyright. As exceptions to the rule, in other words, these limitations and exceptions are required to be interpreted narrowly,2 thus further constraining the role of the courts. This set-up makes one wonder whether formalism can achieve fairness. Statutory limitations and exceptions include sweeping generalisations as to the circumstances when it would be fair not to enforce use restrictions based on copyright. However, fairness which is a function of time and space, is a dynamic concept. Along the axis of time over the last 300 years, the socio-cultural and technological milieu within which","PeriodicalId":333493,"journal":{"name":"Fairness, Morality and Ordre Public in Intellectual Property","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121289508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Fairness, Morality and Ordre Public to Other IP Rights","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781839104374.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104374.00018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":333493,"journal":{"name":"Fairness, Morality and Ordre Public in Intellectual Property","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121642226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Aspects of Fairness","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781839104374.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104374.00014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":333493,"journal":{"name":"Fairness, Morality and Ordre Public in Intellectual Property","volume":"34 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116222703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fairness in Copyright Law","authors":"","doi":"10.4337/9781839104374.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104374.00008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":333493,"journal":{"name":"Fairness, Morality and Ordre Public in Intellectual Property","volume":"339 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124310833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fair and equitable treatment of foreign investments and intellectual property rights","authors":"Emmanuel Kolawole Oke","doi":"10.4337/9781839104374.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104374.00016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":333493,"journal":{"name":"Fairness, Morality and Ordre Public in Intellectual Property","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125524179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}