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The Legacy of Racism for Children最新文献

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Child Immigration 孩子移民
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0012
Veronica T. Thronson, David B. Thronson
{"title":"Child Immigration","authors":"Veronica T. Thronson, David B. Thronson","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Race has played a prominent and persistent role in shaping U.S. immigration laws, and immigration laws in turn play a critical role in shaping the racial composition of the nation. Immigration status also serves as a proxy in efforts to target people for negative treatment based on race or poverty. The contrived development of immigration law has broad effect, but it also has particular bearing on children. As addressed in this chapter, immigration law and immigration enforcement affect the mental health of children in immigrant families, causing and contributing to trauma. Immigration law creates barriers to economic security, on the basis of both real and perceived immigration status, such that children in immigrant families suffer disproportionately. Efforts at reform will be daunting, as embedded legacies of race will not easily give way, but reform informed by research on the profound negative effects that immigration law has on children will provide a starting point for meaningful change.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115269152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transracial Adoption 不同种族间的收养
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0006
R. Farr, Katie M. Hrapczynski
{"title":"Transracial Adoption","authors":"R. Farr, Katie M. Hrapczynski","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, transracial adoption has been controversial in the United States. Even with legislation supporting the adoption of children who are not the same race or ethnicity as their parents, debate has continued about the well-being and racial socialization of transracially adopted children. Transracial adoptions comprise close to half of adoptions in the United States and most frequently involve White parents raising children of color. This chapter reviews what is known from the social sciences about family dynamics and child outcomes among transracial adoptive families in the United States. It also highlights pivotal court cases in custody battles related to transracial adoption, including recent controversy surrounding the Indian Child Welfare Act (1978). An intersectionality framework is used to represent diversity among transracial adoptive families, including those with sexual minority parents and formed through different pathways (i.e., international, private domestic, public child welfare). Finally, the chapter discusses evidence-based recommendations informing relevant laws and policies.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116290225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adults’ Perceptions of Law-Involved Minority Children and Youth 成年人对涉及法律的少数民族儿童和青少年的看法
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0011
K. Burke, Taylor Petty, Tayler M. Jones, Margaret C. Stevenson, Gent Silberkleit, B. Bottoms
{"title":"Adults’ Perceptions of Law-Involved Minority Children and Youth","authors":"K. Burke, Taylor Petty, Tayler M. Jones, Margaret C. Stevenson, Gent Silberkleit, B. Bottoms","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the role of race and ethnicity in shaping legal actors’ (e.g., police officers, attorneys, judges, jurors, parole officers) perceptions and judgments of youth victims and offenders. The intention of this review is to provide researchers with a comprehensive synthesis of the literature and to help front-line workers understand how race influences their interactions with racial minority youth. The chapter begins by considering racism in the criminal justice system generally and the research showing how race shapes perceptions of adult offenders and victims. The main focus is a review of research illustrating parallel findings in cases involving youthful offenders and victims. The chapter ends with recommendations for future research, as well as practical applications to improve law and public policy and to assist legal actors during their interactions with racial minority youth.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124091497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Race and Ethnicity as a Compound Risk Factor in Police Interrogation of Youth 种族和民族是警察讯问青少年的复合危险因素
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0010
Iris Blandón-Gitlin, Hayley M. D. Cleary, Alisa Blair
{"title":"Race and Ethnicity as a Compound Risk Factor in Police Interrogation of Youth","authors":"Iris Blandón-Gitlin, Hayley M. D. Cleary, Alisa Blair","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on juveniles, particularly juveniles of color, in police interrogation contexts. A scientific and professional perspective is provided on the factors affecting children in this setting. The chapter draws from the adult and juvenile literature on interrogation, as well as research on racial factors, to suggest that there are unique vulnerabilities that minority and stigmatized youth bring to the interrogation context. These vulnerabilities may increase their susceptibility to interrogative pressures and false confessions. The chapter also provides recommendations for ways to protect this vulnerable group and calls for interrogation scholars to add race and ethnicity to their research inquiries. This will provide a clearer empirical understanding of the mechanisms by which race and ethnicity affect interview and interrogation behavior and outcomes.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123024111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of Parental Criminal Justice Involvement on Children of Color 父母刑事司法介入对有色人种儿童的影响
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0007
K. M. Miller, Crystallee Crain
{"title":"The Impact of Parental Criminal Justice Involvement on Children of Color","authors":"K. M. Miller, Crystallee Crain","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past five decades, arrest, incarceration, and correctional supervisory rates have risen dramatically. One collateral consequence of the upward trend concerns the millions of children who are deeply impacted by the effects of parental criminal justice involvement and the associated risks, yet remain relatively hidden from society and underserved by support systems. Of great concern is the extent to which children of color, who are significantly overrepresented, experience increased vulnerability to adversity and poor outcomes. The need and opportunity exist to examine contributors to racial disproportionality and disparity among this population and to identify policies and practices that counteract contributing factors. This chapter discusses the scope of the problem, the impact that parental criminal justice involvement and the associated risks have on youth, and policies and practices that contribute to overrepresentation of children of color. Policy and practice recommendations that advocate for culturally informed responses and child-centered approaches are provided.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122854618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Racial Disproportionality in the School-to-Prison Pipeline 从学校到监狱的种族比例失衡
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0008
Katherine M. Zinsser, S. Wanless
{"title":"Racial Disproportionality in the School-to-Prison Pipeline","authors":"Katherine M. Zinsser, S. Wanless","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"For Black children, experiences with school discipline are often not an opportunity to learn, they are a pathway into the criminal justice system. At every step along the way, this pathway is faster and even more consequential for Black students than for their White peers. Implicit and explicit biases result in Black children’s behavior being managed more harshly, perceived as more dangerous, and more often deemed sufficient to justify expulsion in comparison to their White peers. There are formal and informal pathways for removal, starting in preschool, and the consequences for Black children in particular are stark. Policies often allow racial disproportionality in the school-to-prison pipeline to be ignored, or even facilitated. This chapter reviews the factors driving disproportionality in the pipeline and the current policy landscape. It also identifies ways in which schools, districts, and preservice teacher preparation programs can disrupt and dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129862614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Racial Minority Youths’ Perceptions of the Justice System 少数族裔青年对司法系统的看法
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0009
Jennifer L. Woolard, Kristin N. Henning
{"title":"Racial Minority Youths’ Perceptions of the Justice System","authors":"Jennifer L. Woolard, Kristin N. Henning","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Both explicit and implicit racial biases shape police and civilian perceptions of and responses to adolescent offending. In turn, Black youths’ contemporary and historical personal and vicarious experiences with racism and policing shape their perceptions of and responses to the police. Although youth of all races generally exhibit the same developmental trajectories of cognitive and psychosocial capacities, minority youth are treated more harshly than their peers. This chapter highlights the attitudes, expectations, and experiences that youth and law enforcement bring to a shared encounter and examines how they play out in the interaction itself. The chapter also discusses the implications for justice policies and practices and for training. Reform should focus on school-based police presence and enhanced police training that involves youth. Research should foreground multiple methodologies using an intersectionality lens. Only when racial minority youth experience fair treatment and outcomes within the legal system will their attitudes toward it improve.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128927460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Cultural Oppression and Child Sex Trafficking 文化压迫和儿童性交易
The Legacy of Racism for Children Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0002
T. Bryant-Davis, Pratyusha Tummala-Narra
{"title":"Cultural Oppression and Child Sex Trafficking","authors":"T. Bryant-Davis, Pratyusha Tummala-Narra","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190056742.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Child sex trafficking is a global crisis with devastating consequences physically, psychologically, and socially. Psychologically, child sex trafficking survivors often face post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance dependence, among other consequences. Children and adolescents from marginalized communities face increased risk of sex trafficking due to intergenerational poverty and trauma, discrimination, objectification, low access to helping professionals, and disparities in responsiveness from judicial and health professionals. Cultural oppression is a historical and contemporary reality that shapes the vulnerability to sex trafficking and the lack of adequate, culturally responsive care services for rescue and restorative processes. This chapter, by psychologists with expertise in the cultural context of trauma recovery, provides an overview of sex trafficking, the ways in which cultural oppression intersects with this trauma, and recommendations for combating this pervasive human rights violation.","PeriodicalId":332308,"journal":{"name":"The Legacy of Racism for Children","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126248733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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