Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0004
J. Delong
{"title":"Population Dynamics and the Functional Response","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, I show how the functional response can drive predator–prey cycles (and dynamics more generally). I introduce predator–prey differential equation models and fit them to real dynamic data on classic predator–prey systems (lynx–hare and Daphnia–algae). This coupling achieves two things. First, it allows me to demonstrate that the models are capable of describing real predator–prey dynamics and that the functional response really does have a role in driving predator–prey cycles (even if it is not the driver of all cycles). Second, it allows me, from an empirically grounded starting point, to vary the parameters of the functional response to show how changes in the functional response parameters change the dynamics.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125696294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0003
J. Delong
{"title":"What Causes Variation in Functional Response Parameters?","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The parameters of the functional response are not traits. They represent processes such as hunting and digesting prey. Thus, all the traits that influence the way predators and prey encounter each other in space and the morphologies and behaviors that influence capture, evasion, or digestion are all potential sources of variation in the functional response parameters. In this chapter, I cover how we break the parameters down mathematically so that the connection between the parameters and traits is more transparent. I review the empirical evidence for the dependence of functional response parameters on phenotypic traits, temperature, and habitats, and I showcase some examples of these effects.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130644880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0005
J. Delong
{"title":"Multi-species Functional Responses","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, I extend the standard functional response model to communities in which predators are foraging on more than one kind of prey. This is an essential component of real foraging scenarios that is not yet widely represented in the functional response literature but is crucial to understanding food webs generally. Here I develop the multi-species functional response and describe it using my particular perspective on how we understand these functions in general. I review the importance of considering multiple prey types and the limited empirical work estimating multi-species functional responses.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123202628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0008
J. Delong
{"title":"Detecting Prey Preferences and Prey Switching","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter I consider the question of whether predators switch their preference for different types of prey as those prey change in abundance. There are numerous experiments in the literature focusing on this, but generally they have focused on a simplified analysis that ignores the functional response. Here I show why the functional response is crucial for understanding prey choice, and I show that null expectations considering a multi-species functional response lead to different interpretations than standard null expectations. I also derive null expectations for the proportion of prey consumed given the single-species functional response.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115711298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0011
J. Delong
{"title":"Challenges for the Future of Functional Response Research","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Being recognized for more than 70 years and estimated thousands of times, with numerous analyses of compilations, it would seem there is a lot we should know about functional responses. Indeed, we know some of the ways in which functional responses vary, how foraging mechanisms combine to determine, to at least some extent, functional response parameters, and how functional responses influence community interactions from biocontrol impacts to invasive predators to food webs. I suggest, however, that there remains a considerable amount that we do not know, in particular for field-based functional responses, multi-species functional responses, individual variation, behavioral mechanisms, and the impact and evolution of underlying traits. I suggest these areas should be high priorities for future work on functional responses.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131636457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0006
J. Delong
{"title":"Selection on Functional Response Parameters","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter I show why there should be selection on traits associated with functional response parameters. I describe this using standard quantitative genetics techniques to show how a classic evolutionary arms race arises and how it depends on key features of the functional response. I suggest this arms race is more aptly described as a tug-of-war. I then show that selection on the predator and prey components of space clearance rate is synchronous for predator and prey through population cycles but alternating between predator and prey for handling time. I suggest that trade-offs, ecological pleiotropy, and phenotypic plasticity can slow natural selection on traits that influence functional response parameters.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127694549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0010
J. Delong
{"title":"Statistical Issues in the Estimation of Functional Responses","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter I cover some key issues in fitting functional response models to data and determining the values of parameters. Because some of these issues have been covered elsewhere, here I focus on the nature of foraging trial data and why noise, stochasticity, and individual variation pose particular challenges for understanding functional responses. I examine several data sets to illustrate methods of determining differences in functional response parameters and types. I also show through simulations that individual variation in functional response parameters may account for the noisiness of foraging data and also lead to underestimates of both space clearance rate and handling time in curve-fitting approaches.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115002350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0009
J. Delong
{"title":"Origin of the Type III Functional Response","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter I review the many ways that functional responses may show a sigmoidal shape rather than the simpler asymptotic shape. I break down the potential for prey dependence of the space clearance rate through effects on each of the component mechanisms. Given the emergent nature of the functional response, type III curves can arise through density dependence of the probability of successful capture, prey detectability, and predator–prey encounter rates. Given the variety of mechanisms, it may be possible that there are really multiple types of type III curve. I also raise some concerns with the standard type III model and offer an alternative model that gets around these problems.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129368031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0002
J. Delong
{"title":"The Basics and Origin of Functional Response Models","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is the essential beginner’s guide to the functional response, its derivation, the various forms, its connection to other models in the literature, and what the parameters mean. It is the ground floor for the rest of the book, covering the four main types of functional response, what the parameters mean in biological terms, and how we arrived at these equations. Surprisingly, our understanding of the functional response as represented in the literature is quite muddled, with confusion ranging from the terminology used, to the various mathematical forms the functional response takes, to the biological interpretation of functional response model parameters. I provide a summary and forward-looking perspective on these issues.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129695876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predator EcologyPub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0007
J. Delong
{"title":"Optimal Foraging","authors":"J. Delong","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is a refresher on the prey model of classic optimal foraging theory through the lens of this book. I build on the multi-species functional response, the selection ideas, and the parameter breakdown presented in the preceding chapters to argue for how optimal foraging might arise. I rederive the models and suggest that optimal foraging theory may still be relevant to understanding predator–prey interactions, in particular in the context of multi-species functional responses. I also address the possibility that predators mostly have broad diets because they experience low prey abundances most of the time in nature.","PeriodicalId":325149,"journal":{"name":"Predator Ecology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114902580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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