Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association最新文献

{"title":"Understanding Nevada’s Current Drought in Historical and Paleoclimatic Context","authors":"S. McAfee, A. Csank, M. Lachniet, S. Mensing, C. Millar, David Rhode, Davis Hurst Thomas","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2022/1/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2022/1/2","url":null,"abstract":"Nevada lies in one of the driest parts of North America. The region has long grappled with droughts and also with extended periods in which the already dry climate aridified for decades or centuries. Here we place Nevada’s most recent statewide drought (2020 – present) in the context of historical, archaeological and paleoclimate records dating back through the Mid-Holocene. The current drought is distinct from historical droughts that impacted the state in the 1930s, 1950s, and 1970’s and 1980s. It is notably warmer than droughts of the 20th century and more spatially extensive than any of these, although the 1930s drought also impacted much of the West. The early 2020s drought is also embedded within a two-decade long dry period, raising important questions about whether it is (1) drought, a relatively short period of abnormal dryness; (2) megadrought, a longer and typically more severe period of unusually dry conditions; (3) the manifestation of aridification, a shift toward a generally drier climate because of long-term precipitation declines and/or warming; or (4) some combination of the three. A broader view suggests that at least some aspects of drought since 2020 may not be unique. Paleoclimate evidence from cave deposits, lake and meadow sediments, animal middens, dead wood and tree rings indicate that Nevada and much of the western United States experienced decadal and centennial long dry periods in the Middle Holocene (5000 – 7000 years ago), the Late Holocene, (1800 – 3100 years ago), during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (1000 – 650 years ago) and again 600 – 500 years ago. The archaeological record shows that Indigenous Nevadans responded by repeatedly adapting to changing paleoenvironmental conditions. However, some key questions about fine-scale temporal and spatial variability in the experience of drought remain. Limitations in the spatial, seasonal and temporal resolutions of climate reconstructions—and in the observational record—may obscure the evidence for short or seasonally specific wet periods within longer dry periods or spatial variability in precipitation. Nonetheless, proxy and archaeological evidence from the last 10,000 years shows that understanding and responding to drought requires viewing drought on these time spans with an appreciation for the details that appear in modern observations.","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131336172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Resources in the Truckee Meadows","authors":"K. Steeland, B. Hauck, G. Pohll, J. Enloe, Stefanie Morris","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2022/1/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2022/1/3","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last century water supply and demand conditions have changed in northern Nevada. Climate change is causing increased temperatures, evaporation, and declining snowpack storage (Siirila-Woodburn, 2021). There is considerable uncertainty about the future magnitude of annual precipitation (Lynn, et al., 2015), but increased variability is expected (Zhang et al., 2021; Gonzalez et al., 2018). Increased precipitation variability may translate into longer and more severe droughts or more frequent flooding. Continued warming trends will likely result in more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which has the potential to decrease the region’s snowpack (Harpold et al., 2017; Hatchett et al., 2018; Cooper et al., 2016). Changing conditions will require changes in water resources management strategies to improve efficiencies, and sustained actions that conserve available resources and ongoing adaptive management. The Truckee Meadows Water Authority (TMWA) manages its water resources to provide a resilient and reliable water supply for the region. TMWA is continuing its adaptive management strategy by analyzing a broad range of future conditions and planning for solutions to deal with the changing climate and increasing population. This article provides an overview of TMWA, its service area, supply sources, water rights, future supply scenarios, and adaptive management strategies (TMWA, 2020).","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129265692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaboration for Drought Mitigation and Preparedness","authors":"Bunny Biship, N. Goehring","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2022/1/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2022/1/1","url":null,"abstract":"Nevada is the driest State in the nation and as such must deal with frequent and severe droughts. Drought planning, preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery involves a high level of collaboration and coordination among Federal, State, and Local government agencies. As part of this effort, a series of drought planning, mitigation, and communication workshops were held in 2022. This article discusses the collaboration and communication process and provides a summary of the key takeaways from these drought workshops.","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126340077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Compost on Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater in Granitic Aquifers","authors":"Porraket Dechdacho, R. Hershey, Lazaro J. Perez, R. Parashar","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2021/1/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2021/1/2","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen according to the World Health Organization. Anthropogenic activities such as mining and wood preservation contribute to arsenic contamination of surface and sub-surface water. Most of the currently available remediation strategies to remove arsenic involve slow processes and produce residues that are difficult to treat or dispose. In this study, with an objective to develop alternative arsenic remediation strategies, we examined removal of arsenic using organic compost as a potential adsorbent. We ran saturated column experiments by injecting 10 mg/L arsenic-spiked synthetic groundwater to compare the arsenic removal between the presence and absence of compost in granitic aquifers. The water analysis showed the compost removed 14 percent (%) of arsenic from the contaminated water within 16 min, while there was no change in arsenic concentration in the experiment without compost. The results illustrated that arsenic treatment using compost is feasible for contaminated groundwater remediation. Different pH evolution was also observed in both experiments. The column with only decomposed granite showed a small decrease in pH, which we believed was caused by a dissolution of silicate minerals in the granite. The column with compost exhibited a more fluctuating pH. An abrupt drop in pH was observed at an early time period and thought to be caused by release of H+ from organic anions after water interacted with the compost. After the initial period, the change in pH was primarily driven by mixing of the water used for column saturation and the injected contaminated groundwater. The major factors identified for arsenic removal are the presence of iron (Fe) and a lower starting pH condition in the compost experiment, which provides more available sorption sites leading to higher arsenic sorption.","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132766647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Economic Cost of Unanticipated Water Supply Reductions for Agricultural Producers in the Humboldt River Region","authors":"Michael Taylor, Jacob Kingsley, K. Rollins, Alec Bowman","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2021/1/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2021/1/1","url":null,"abstract":"This article develops economic models for a cow-calf ranching operation and an alfalfa hay operation in the Humboldt River Region (HRR) that use surface water for irrigation. The models were built and parameterized through consultation with ranchers and farmers in the HRR in order to represent typical agricultural operations in the region. The models were used to calculate the economic value to an operation of an acre-foot of water not received due to an unanticipated supply reduction. This analysis was conducted to support the conjunctive management of surface and groundwater in the HRR by providing estimates of the economic value of the water that surface water users expect but do not receive due to interference from upstream groundwater pumping. For the cow-calf ranch model, reduced water deliveries impact ranch profits by reducing the amount of low-cost feed grown on the ranch. The increase in average feed costs forces the ranch to reduce its herd size, which lowers the number of new calf births and, as a result, lowers future profits from livestock sales. The cow-calf ranching model predicts an economic value of an acre-foot of water for the cow-calf ranch in the range of $215 per acre-foot for unanticipated supply interruptions that occur in normal water years, and upwards of $290 per acre-foot for supply interruptions that occur during drought. Model results do not provide evidence that the economic value of an acre-foot of water increases with the length of the unanticipated supply reduction. For the alfalfa hay farm model, results indicate that unanticipated reduced water deliveries impact farm profits by first preventing the farm from planting a cover crop during fallow years and then, for more significant interruptions, reducing its acreage of alfalfa hay. The alfalfa hay model predicts that the economic value of an acre-foot of water increases with both the volume of water not received and the length of the unanticipated supply reduction. The economic value of water per-acre-foot predicted by the alfalfa hay model ranges from less than $10 per acre-foot for unanticipated supply interruptions that occur in normal water years, in the range of $100-$200 per acre-foot for single-year supply interruptions that occur during a below average water year, and over $300 per-acre-foot for supply interruptions that occur in successive below average water years.","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130021712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association Winter 2020","authors":"","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117290140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association - Winter 2019","authors":"","doi":"10.22542/jnwra/2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123335314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Update on the Hydrogeology of Clayton Valley, Nevada","authors":"Danny Zampiro","doi":"10.22542/JNWRA/2018/2/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22542/JNWRA/2018/2/1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":323364,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114580765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}