{"title":"Tourism during the Early Modern Period (1500-1750).","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The Early Modern Period is the first third of the Modern Period and covers the period after the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the establishment of a more global network, ending in 1750. Some people who lived towards the end of this period witnessed the development of some forms of restaurants as we know them today. Restaurante Botin, which was founded in 1725 in Madrid by a French cook named Jan Botin, cooked food that guests brought in since selling food was banned because it could damage other businesses (Marples, 2020). This era witnessed the rise of the 'Grand Tour' that was undertaken mainly by a wealthy social elite in continental Europe for a combination of culture, education and pleasure purposes. The tour often included a circuit of Europe, centred principally on France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and the Low Countries, and was undertaken principally (yet not exclusively) by the British. This is a phase in the history of tourism which established the travel and route itinerary.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127095390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The future of tourism and hospitality (?).","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter discusses future impacts on tourism, the impacts of tourism on people, society and destinations, the continuation of the human quest and demand for the 'new' and personal fulfilment that will fuel tourism supply, and the response of the tourism industry/academic community regarding forthcoming tourism-related issues, challenges and changes. First, through the evolution of tourism throughout the years, we have discussed in previous chapters how tourism was affected by different impacts such as global wars, pandemics, economic crises or natural disasters. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that such external influences will continue to affect the tourism industry and continue to shape its operations. Climatic change is another challenge that will affect the tourism industry. Second, we have examined how tourist inflows, tourism development and tourism activity affect destinations both positively and negatively. The lack of tourist inflows may also bring its share of impacts, as the world experienced through the recent pandemic. In all likelihood, sustainability issues will continue to remain a challenge in the future for both the tourism academic community and the tourism industry as a whole.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130186674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tourism during the Contemporary Period (1945-early 2020s).","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The 1940s to 1960s witnessed a specific state of economic development of mass production and consumption characteristics of developed economies, known as 'Fordism', underpinning tourism development, supply and demand. This period witnessed the remarkable rise of the airline industry. Also, after the first half of the 20th century the world witnessed numerous amusement and theme parks that were largely influenced by the original Luna Park at Coney Island in New York and the first Disney theme park in Los Angeles that opened its doors to the public in the mid-1950s. Meanwhile, renowned academics and management consultants such as Deming, Juran, Ishikawa, Feigenbaum and Crosby attempted to explain the notion of 'quality'. Their views influenced practices and procedures in the tourism and hospitality industry.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126350981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The aim of this chapter is to introduce readers to the concept of 'evolution', the origins of evolutionary thought and the association of the notion with tourism. The chapter progresses by establishing the main aim of the book while highlighting its scope, importance and structure.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114442805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The ancient history of tourism (c. 9000 BC-AD 650).","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter summarizes the ancient history of tourism by discussing the structures and events, as well as religious tourism and pilgrimages from different cultures.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"405 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121807311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epilogue.","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.epil","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.epil","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The book covered various events that have shaped the evolution of tourism and a wide range of tourism-related forms, aspects, concepts, notions and theories that have accompanied tourism evolution through the centuries. The book presented evolutionary examples for all key tourism subsectors, such as tourism organizations, airlines, cruise ships, trains, hotels/restaurants, theme parks and museums. It discussed current issues such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, future trends and impacts, and provided useful case studies based on the evolution of tourism that may be used within a learning environment to stimulate discussions and debates.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130903116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tourism during the Late Modern Period (1750-1945).","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This era witnessed an upsurge of railway networks in countries such as Britain, Switzerland and India. The importance of railways for economies, as well as the travel and tourism industry, has been highlighted in several studies particularly in the last few decades. In current days, high-speed rail contributes to increased tourism arrivals in regional tourism economies of countries such as China and Japan, while technological advancements in trains may even embrace augmented reality games for passengers. In other cases, the train or/and journey itself becomes the main component of the tourist experience. In such cases, the rail experience is complemented with luxurious fittings or vintage aesthetics while travelling through scenic routes. This chapter also emphasizes the early beginning of war or dark tourism, wherein the cemeteries and/or museums related to World War I and II are starting to be part of the itineraries of travellers.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130036729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tourism during post-classical times (500-1500).","authors":"P. Christou","doi":"10.1079/9781800621282.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621282.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Post-classical times are also referred to as the medieval period or the Middle Ages (in Europe), and they begin around ad 500 and end around ad 1500. During this era, travellers undertook long and arduous journeys to religious shrines and places of sacredness around the globe, such as in England, Jerusalem, Kumano (Japan), and the islands dedicated to the Sun and the Moon in Lake Titicaca on the border of Peru and Bolivia. This chapter discusses this medieval pilgrimage travels and highlights the birth of gastronomic tourism.","PeriodicalId":300865,"journal":{"name":"The history and evolution of tourism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131170580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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