Advances in Plant Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Systematic Identification of the Xylophilus Group in the Genus Bursaphelenchus","authors":"J. Gu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77096","url":null,"abstract":"The pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970 is the agent responsible for pine wilt disease (PWD). This nematode has been killing native pine trees (Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii, P. luchuensis) in Japan since the early twentieth century. It is the number one forest pest in Japan and has been spread to China, Korea, Portugal, and Spain. The nematode is native to North America (Canada, USA, Mexico) and is thought to have been carried to Japan at the beginning of the twentieth century on timber exports. Up to now, the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 comprises nearly 120 species (14 groups). Around 14 species very similar to B. xylophilus are put together and named the xylophilus group. This chapter presents the grouping history, subspecies or genetic types in species of the xylophilus group, and an identification key for 14 species of the xylophilus group, ITS-RFLP identification, and other molecular identification methods are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":298506,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Plant Pathology","volume":"288 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116527601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Defense and Counter Defense by Viruses","authors":"M. Sheikh","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298506,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Plant Pathology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128439971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quorum Sensing in Gram-Negative Plant Pathogenic Bacteria","authors":"Siphathele Sibanda, L. Moleleki, Divine YufetarShyntum, T. Coutinho","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78003","url":null,"abstract":"Plant pathogenic bacteria regulate expression of specific genes through quorum sensing (QS). Some bacteria encode a single or more than one QS system while others encode a single LuxI and two or more LuxR homologs. Not all plant pathogenic bacteria encode the LuxI and in these situations the LuxR modulates cell behavior in a cell density man ner by utilizing signal molecules that are produced by their plant hosts. The advantage of having more than one system is still not well understood. However, it has been specu lated that it is essential for regulation of QS traits in different environmental conditions. Quorum sensing systems in plant pathogenic bacteria include those that use acyl homo serine lactones, 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester or methyl 3-hydroxypalmitate, vir - ulence factor modulation genes and diffusible signal factors. This chapter discusses the various QS systems in Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria, notably those listed as the top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria that cause significant reduction in yields and inflict economic losses in agriculture. In addition, it explores the various biological processes influenced by QS and the extent of QS regulons in these bacteria. receptor molecule. The AHL binds to the protein receptor molecule, the complex then binds to specific promoters and trigger multiple gene expression. The traits that are regulated by this system include pathogenicity, production of secondary metabolites, motility, secretion systems, stress response, conjugation, growth inhibition, biofilm formation and clustered regularly interspaced short Palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas). binds to promoters of the vfmAZCBD and vfmE kinase. This results in activation of production of a transcriptional activator, AraC (encoded by vfmE ) and regulation of specific phenotypes. Phenotypes regulated by the VFM QS include production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and pathogenicity. system include motility, biofilm formation, production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, iron acquisition, lipopolysaccharide/ exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthesis and secretion, expression of type IV pili and fitness. Other traits regulated include chemotaxis, multidrug resistance and detoxification, pathogenicity, metabolism, transport, interspecies competition and pigmentation.","PeriodicalId":298506,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Plant Pathology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129343878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaf Curl Disease: A Significant Constraint in the Production of Tomato in India","authors":"Pradeep Kumar, Manish Kumar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76049","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) is one of the most economically important vegeta- ble crops in the world. Among the major biotic constraints, virus-associated Tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is a major limiting factor affecting its cultivation and yield. Different symptoms associated with disease are reported such as leaf curling, puckering of leaves, vein yellowing, stunting, excessive branching, from pale yellowing to deep yellowing, and small leaves. The genus Begomovirus is a circular single-stranded DNA virus which is exclusively being transmitted by whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) in a persistent circulative man- ner. Most of the begomovirus species are monopartite (having DNA-A molecule only), except few species, which are bipartite (having DNA-A and DNA-B as the genomic component). No absolute effective control measures of the disease could be developed so far, except resistance, management of insect vectors, and altering the dates of sowing to avoid peaks of insect vector population. This chapter reports an account of history, symptoms, transmission, genome organization, distribution, and management of Tomato leaf curl disease.","PeriodicalId":298506,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Plant Pathology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131877454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Biology of Thecaphora frezii Smut and Its Effects on Argentine Peanut Production","authors":"L. I. Cazón, J. Paredes, A. Rago","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75837","url":null,"abstract":"Thecaphora frezii was first reported in 1962 in wild peanut from Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In Argentina, it was first detected in 1995 in commercial crops from the cen - tral-northern area of Córdoba province. The fungus can survive in the soil as teliospores. When peanut gynophore penetrates the soil, their exudates disrupt telial dormancy; T. frezii penetrates and colonizes the tissues and replaces the cells with teliospores. Since its first report, peanut smut prevalence has gradually increased in peanut areas to reach a 100% in 2012. Currently, it is the most important peanut disease in Argentina, not only for its destructive power on crop but also for its quick spread throughout the growing region of Córdoba and the lack of effective tools for its management. It is important for additional research to find effective agronomical practice that reaches high control efficiencies. The collaboration of all those involved in Argentinian peanut production systems is necessary for the management of peanut smut to be successful.","PeriodicalId":298506,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Plant Pathology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133082453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing an Online Grapevine Trunk Disease Diagnostic Aid","authors":"M. Nita","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74946","url":null,"abstract":"We face critical challenges in educating growers on wood-canker diseases of grapevines. Unlike other major diseases that appear every year with obvious symptoms (e.g., pow-dery mildew of grape), wood-canker diseases are often go unnoticed, yet they have more certain and detrimental effects on the plants. Because of this lack of sensational symptom development within a short period, it is difficult for agricultural educators to convince the growers to take urgent action. Modes of delivering extension-related information are changing. Reduced extension education budgets and changes in growers’ expectations have led to fewer of the standard, face-to-face meetings between extension agents and growers, and instead, have shifted toward distance-learning style approaches. In order to address these issues, we have developed a new web-based pictorial diagnostic key tool for grapevine trunk diseases. This tool aids users to determine a target grapevine trunk disease using a series of pictorial keys from different tissues of grapevines (leaves, trunks, cluster, etc.). Once enough information is obtained, it will provide the user a list of recommendations for management. This tool covers not only trunk diseases, but also some bacterial diseases and abiotic disorders that are similar in symptom expressions. It is hosted at treeandvinetrunkdiseases.org, and the website is freely available.","PeriodicalId":298506,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Plant Pathology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123574822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}