Finance & Economics of Public Health eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Performances in COVID-19 Management across Countries: Do Subnational Finances Matter?","authors":"Simanti Bandyopadhyay, S. Kabiraj, S. Majumder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3836319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3836319","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the role of governments in a public health emergency not only in developing countries but in the developed world as well. This paper has a two-fold objective. First, we investigate the efficiency of COVID management using state-level data from three of the worst affected countries, the USA, India, and Mexico, in three time periods in the pre-vaccine phase. Next, we explore the extent to which state government financial, sociodemographic, and governance indicators can explain the difference in efficiency. We use a two-stage non-parametric method. The first stage comprises meta frontier analysis to derive efficiency scores for each state. We analyze state governments in these countries together (grand frontier) and separately (group frontier). Overall, grand efficiency continuously increased from August to November 2020. The grand efficiency scores of Mexico and the USA gradually increased on 3rd October and 29th November 2020. The results reflect that the USA was holding the leading position in terms of COVID-19 pandemic management at that time. In terms of group efficiency, American states performed consistently well with respect to their own country as well as other countries. However, if we compare the grand and group efficiency scores of all three countries, we find that states in India and Mexico performed well in their own countries but worse than USA states in terms of the global scenario. The states of India always performed better within their own country than the states of the other two countries. The second analytical stage uses an exploratory median analysis to investigate the impact of different indicators on efficiency. State finance variables are positively associated with the grand efficiency score for all three time periods, while the association is negative for the expenditures to own revenue ratio and expenditures to total revenue ratios, debt ratios with respect to different fiscal indicators, and percentage of health expenditure over total expenditures and GSDP. These patterns are less consistent among countries when we look at group efficiency over time. We find a positive association of per capita total revenue with group efficiency scores for all countries over all time periods.","PeriodicalId":288229,"journal":{"name":"Finance & Economics of Public Health eJournal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114497506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Various Sectors of the Economy","authors":"D. Amutha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3828508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3828508","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on the economy in a variety of ways. The effect of the novel coronavirus on various aspects of the Indian economy and the economies of South Asian countries is investigated in this research paper. This study's main goals are as follows:<br><br>1. To understand impact of COVID-19 on overall Indian Economy and South Asian countries. 2. To know impact of COVID-19 on different sectors and 3. To find out the GDP growth rate of the economy. India's economy is the world's fifth highest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.94 trillion, surpassing the United Kingdom and France to take fifth place in 2019. India's GDP is also $10.51 trillion in purchasing power parity (PPP), surpassing Japan and Germany and placing India as the world's third largest contributor to GDP. According to data released by the International Monetary Fund, India's GDP growth premium over emerging economies (EMs) is expected to drop to a seven-year low of 1.1 percent in the current fiscal year 2019-20, owing to poor investment, credit problems, currency volatility, slower demand growth, and increasing inflation (IMF). The study depicts the actual GDP growth rate when taking into account market inflated final goods and services rates. According to the ADB's COVID-19 pandemic outlook, inflation in the sub-region will be moderate, averaging 4.1 percent in 2020, as food inflation in India eases due to improved agriculture. Because of this minor inflationary rate in South Asia, the pandemic would cause the real GDP growth rate in all countries to slow down. With subsidies and price caps on basic goods, the Maldives' remarkably low inflation will remain the same, despite an expected deterioration in the recommended requirements. Pakistan, on the other hand, would experience double-digit inflation due to rising food prices. Annual inflation in South Asian countries increased significantly from 3.3 percent in 2019 to 2.4 percent in 2020, with real GDP rising by 6.6 percent. According to Central Statistics, India's nominal GDP reached 728.6 USD billion in December 2019, and its GDP deflator (implicit price deflator) increased by 2.9 percent. In March 2019, India's GDP per capita was 2,044.6 USD. Steps taken to halt its spread, such as state lockdowns, halted economic activity and could have a significant effect on both consumption and investment.","PeriodicalId":288229,"journal":{"name":"Finance & Economics of Public Health eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134576517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catastrophic Health Expenditure, Distress Financing and Impoverishment due to Out-of-Pocket Expenses for Healthcare among Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Cross-sectional Study among Hospitalized Patients in Bangladesh","authors":"M. Haque, A. Islam, S. Pervin, E. Akter, M. Hasan","doi":"10.31014/AIOR.1994.04.01.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/AIOR.1994.04.01.153","url":null,"abstract":"Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses for hospitalized patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) poses an economic challenge on affected household in the form of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), distress financing and impoverishment. OOP Expenses data for hospitalized CLD patients from Bangladesh is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the OOP expenses and resulting CHE, distress financing and impoverishment among hospitalized patients with CLD. This cross-sectional study was conducted among conveniently selected 107 diagnosed CLD patients admitted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) aged 18 years and above. Data were collected from the respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire through face to face interview during discharge from hospital. Out of pocket expenditure for chronic liver disease in selected hospitals was Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) 19,262. Direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect cost was BDT 16,240; 2,165 and 1,510, respectively. Investigation cost and medicine cost contributed to 48.48% and 31.81% of the total OOP expenses, respectively. At 10% threshold level, 29% of the respondents were affected by CHE. 64.5% of the respondents were facing distress financing due to OOP expenses. Among the respondents, 1.9% slipped below the international poverty line of $1.90 (BDT 161.10, in 2019).There was statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference among the mean OOP expenses for different etiological types of chronic liver disease. The study concluded that it requires establishing a more accessible and affordable decentralized health care system for CLD treatment along with the implementation of financial risk protection.","PeriodicalId":288229,"journal":{"name":"Finance & Economics of Public Health eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121604853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Global Governance Across Sectors: Global Health, Trade, and Multilateral Development Finance","authors":"Matthias Helble, Z. Ali, Jera Lego","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3191743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3191743","url":null,"abstract":"While several studies have traced the development of various intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), charting their growth and influence in international affairs, and assessing their prospects, few if any have compared IGOs across various fields. We take a closer look at three different policy fields to better understand the current architecture of global governance, the centrality of IGOs, the role of new and other actors, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of this “new” architecture. We find that, first, the emergence of new private players has significantly eroded the centrality of IGOs such that the course of global governance in health, trade, and development finance has changed irreversibly. Second, regional arrangements have overtaken global ones and nonstate actors have assumed more prominent roles. Third, this multiplicity of powerful players has led to some positive outcomes but also greater inefficiencies and redundancies. Fourth, developed countries have been pivotal in eroding the centrality of IGOs, but developing countries are taking on a greater role in global governance. Fifth, the new architecture can be described as one of diversification in global health governance, fragmentation in global trade, and variation in multilateral development finance. Global governance in the 21st century is thus characterized by a proliferation of actors and a decentralization of authority, an erosion of IGO centrality accompanied by a greater role for nonstate actors, developing countries, and by increased regionalism. Depending on the sector of governance, its inherent aims, and the nature of the actors involved, the new architecture may be one of variation, fragmentation, or diversification. While this new architecture is complex and might possibly lead to inefficiencies and redundancies, it allows a greater number of actors to participate, making it more representative of the current world order and making it possible to mobilize more resources to promote development.","PeriodicalId":288229,"journal":{"name":"Finance & Economics of Public Health eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114624085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}