{"title":"Shaanxi’s Early Communist Movement","authors":"Joseph W. Esherick","doi":"10.1525/luminos.117.b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.117.b","url":null,"abstract":"In many respects, the Communist movement in Shaanxi resembled that in other Chinese provinces: young men in elite schools, inspired by new ideas and motivated by a passionate patriotism, gathered with friends to share concerns and publish journals advancing an increasingly radical vision of social transformation and national regeneration. But Shaanxi was not like other provinces, and inevitably the concerns of these young men reflected the conditions of their physically isolated and culturally conservative home. To understand the long and tortuous journey traversed by the revolutionary movement in Shaanxi, we must grasp both its general and its particular characteristics. The former allowed it to join the larger revolutionary movement in China; the latter let it sink roots in the fertile soil of Shaanxi. The two tendencies persisted throughout the history of the revolution, periodically manifest in sharp conflicts between local and national leaders. Although northern Shaanxi became the center of the Communist movement from 1935 to 1948, the tension between the local party and the Center endured. To understand this dynamic, we must start with the Shaanxi party’s early history.","PeriodicalId":285764,"journal":{"name":"Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123782089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Rocky Road to Revolution","authors":"Joseph W. Esherick","doi":"10.1525/luminos.117.d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.117.d","url":null,"abstract":"Public servants dare not enter the countryside; on the road they need an army escort. Trade is at a standstill, tax collection is sharply reduced, and alarms follow one on the other. Then look at the army: either planting opium, guarding opium shipments, or protecting travelers for easy profit. Everybody pursues his own interest. Even company or platoon commanders have their families with them; regiment and battalion commanders never meet their troops; they are sloppy and dejected, totally lacking in energy. The division is the brains of an army, but they have no plan to eliminate the bandits. The units do not work together, always avoiding responsibility. The key staff members are without a care in a cloud of opium smoke, glossing over problems and saying all is well, denying the Communists are even a threat. 128 areas. In the Communist areas, the people all follow these bandits. There are Young Pioneers, Red Guards, propaganda teams, support for the wounded, canteens, and teams for washing and mending clothes. 175 the white areas, had attacked the local strongmen, our clothing was quite elegant. We had eaten well; everyone was healthy and fat. We had plenty of ammunition. When we met our brother armies, the Twenty-Sixth and Twenty-Seventh, we thought: “What kind of army is this?” We looked down on them: only a few bullets and wear-ing all kind of clothes. They not only lacked good boots, they had no socks, no uniforms, and they tied a white cloth around their heads. 189","PeriodicalId":285764,"journal":{"name":"Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129299706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bandits and Bolsheviks","authors":"Joseph W. Esherick","doi":"10.1525/luminos.117.c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.117.c","url":null,"abstract":"Rebuilding the revolutionary movement was a slow and painful process. The Shaanxi provincial leadership was a small group of committed Bolsheviks who struggled in vain to mobilize a proletarian revolution in a region without an industrial base. The real work of making revolution fell to guerrilla bands operating along the Shaanxi-Gansu border, organizing bandits, soldiers, and some poor peasants in the sparsely populated hills of the north. The provincial party was wary of the scruffy composition of these guerrilla gangs. It sought to transform them into a more disciplined Red Army by linking them to the party’s early rural strongholds in Sanyuan and the Wei River valley. When this effort failed, the new Twenty-Sixth Red Army was ordered south of the Wei to the site of early activism in the Weinan-Hua-xian area. The result was a disastrous military defeat, and in 1933 the Shaanxi revolutionary movement again faced extinction. The only ground for hope came when arrests and defections eliminated most of the provincial leadership, liberating the guerrillas to develop their own strategy.1","PeriodicalId":285764,"journal":{"name":"Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125197213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Joseph W. Esherick","doi":"10.1525/luminos.117.g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.117.g","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285764,"journal":{"name":"Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125464294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frontier Foundations for Revolution","authors":"Joseph W. Esherick","doi":"10.1525/luminos.117.a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.117.a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285764,"journal":{"name":"Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115484118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accidental Holy Land","authors":"Joseph W. Esherick","doi":"10.1525/luminos.117.e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.117.e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285764,"journal":{"name":"Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130743839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dawn of the Yan’an Era","authors":"Joseph W. Esherick","doi":"10.1525/luminos.117.f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.117.f","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285764,"journal":{"name":"Accidental Holy Land: The Communist Revolution in Northwest China","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124031771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}