The Making of a KingPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0002
R. Waterfield
{"title":"The Disarray of Macedon","authors":"R. Waterfield","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"In the less than fifty years between Alexander the Great’s death and Antigonus’s gaining the throne in 276, Macedon had twelve rulers. This chapter charts these decades of chaos, while interleaving details of Antigonus’s immediate family and his early years. Alexander was replaced by a dual kingship of his half-brother Philip III, and his infant son Alexander IV. Olympias, Alexander the Great’s mother and the guardian of Alexander IV, briefly seized the throne, killing Philip III in the process. She was ousted by the military might of Cassander and put to death. Cassander imprisoned Alexander IV and later had him killed. Cassander ruled from 316 to 297, but on his death chaos returned, ultimately enabling Demetrius Poliorcetes, the father of Antigonus, to seize the throne. Demetrius was expelled in 287 and Macedon was divided between Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus. Lysimachus drove Pyrrhus out of his half of the country, but was defeated in battle and killed by Seleucus, the ruler of Asia. Seleucus was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who thereby gained the Macedonian throne. But Ptolemy bungled his response to a massive invasion of Celts, and lost his life in the process. Macedon descended into anarchy.","PeriodicalId":285658,"journal":{"name":"The Making of a King","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115924261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Making of a KingPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0008
R. Waterfield
{"title":"Antigonus and the Greeks","authors":"R. Waterfield","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Antigonus lacked any institutional means of controlling the Greeks, such as the League of Corinth, so he resorted to more repressive measures. Even under the kings, the Greek states had considerable local freedom, and the pace of local political life scarcely slackened in the third century. But many of the states were impoverished, so that they became dependent on handouts from the kings, and came also to rely on their wealthy citizens to supply money and hold political offices. Antigonus’s measures were focused largely on the Peloponnese, where he imposed or supported sole rulers (“tyrants”), and installed military garrisons as well. Much of the Peloponnese became effectively occupied territory. At the same time, he was attacking Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. But resentment built up in Greece, and an alliance between Ptolemy, Athens, and the Peloponnesians led to the Chremonidean War (268-262). I go into as much detail as can be recovered about this war, which Antigonus resoundingly won, and the naval battle of Cos against Ptolemy that followed and limited Egyptian encroachment on the Aegean. In celebration, Antigonus enhanced the sacred island of Delos with festivals and a magnificent stoa.","PeriodicalId":285658,"journal":{"name":"The Making of a King","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115747130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Making of a KingPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0003
R. Waterfield
{"title":"The Pride of Sparta","authors":"R. Waterfield","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"After control of the mainland Greeks passed into Macedonian hands in 338, Sparta stayed aloof from the League of Corinth and the organizational structures put in place to keep the Greeks in order. This stance was prompted by the Spartans’ awareness of their proud history, but the reality was that Sparta was no longer as strong as it had been, and indeed was suffering from a severe decline in the number of its citizens, and therefore in the size of its army. After an armed rebellion led by their king Agis III in 330 was put down, Sparta took a back seat in international affairs, until its pride was somewhat revived in the 290s and 280s by the maverick Cleonymus, a member of one of the two Spartan royal families. Cleonymus allied himself with Pyrrhus of Epirus for an attempt to take Sparta for himself, but died in the process. By then the anti-Macedonian faction in Sparta had gained the upper hand, as in Areus I’s expedition against the Aetolians, Macedonian allies at the time, in 281. When Antigonus gained the Macedonian throne in the 270s, he knew he could expect trouble in the Peloponnese from the Spartans.","PeriodicalId":285658,"journal":{"name":"The Making of a King","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125027440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Making of a KingPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0001
R. Waterfield
{"title":"A Time of Transition","authors":"R. Waterfield","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"I start with a vignette that illustrates some of the major themes and characters of the book. In 251 Aratus of Sicyon expelled the current ruler of his native town and brought it into the Achaean Confederacy, despite the fact that Sicyon was not ethnically Achaean, but Dorian. He needed money and he approached the two kings on whom he thought he could count. Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon refused, but Ptolemy II of Egypt gave generously. Antigonus responded by trying to drive a wedge between Aratus and Ptolemy. So we meet three of the major players of the book, the poverty of the Greek states and their reliance on the kings for handouts, and the hostility between Egypt and Macedon. We also meet one of the two great Greek confederacies that formed as a way to stand up to the might of Macedon. I end with a discussion of the difficulty of reconstructing a history of the period, because of the paucity of the sources.","PeriodicalId":285658,"journal":{"name":"The Making of a King","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126453913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Making of a KingPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0005
R. Waterfield
{"title":"The Vigor of Confederacies","authors":"R. Waterfield","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The chief way in which the Greeks united in the third century in order to be able to offer resistance to Macedon was by forming large federal states. The two greatest of these were based in Achaea and in Aetolia, but both quickly spread well beyond these ethnic borders. “Aetolia” came to mean almost all of central Greece, and “Achaea” much of the Peloponnese. I discuss the differences between confederacies and the most familiar form of ancient Greek polity, the polis, and show how confederacies gained their strengths, before focusing on the structures set up by the Aetolians and Achaeans. By the time Antigonus came to the Macedonian throne, the Achaeans were on the rise, but the Aetolians were already a powerful threat. They had spearheaded the Greek repulsion of the Celts from central Greece, thus preserving Delphi, the most important of the Greeks’ common religious centers, and they used this as a springboard for further expansion. Antigonus treated them warily throughout his reign.","PeriodicalId":285658,"journal":{"name":"The Making of a King","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131670230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Making of a KingPub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0007
R. Waterfield
{"title":"King of Macedon","authors":"R. Waterfield","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853015.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"I begin by reconstructing the operations in the northern Aegean that enabled Antigonus to keep Antiochus of Asia at bay while he attempted to recover Macedon. At first, he was defeated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, but he returned. It took several attempts, but he did eventually succeed. In this he was aided by the peace accord reached with Antiochus, and by a stroke of luck: he came upon a band of marauding Celts, and by defeating them in the battle of Lysimachea could represent himself as the savior of Macedon. Once he had eliminated a few pretenders, the throne was his. He married Phila, the daughter of Antiochus. I discuss his elevation of the god Pan to major status. But his seat on the throne was not yet stable, and Pyrrhus of Epirus took back most of the country for a couple of years, before Antigonus was able to eliminate him in southern Greece. I then turn to how Antigonus stabilized his country and his reign by a program of reform, by which he devolved some of the power of the throne to high-ranking individuals and to the towns and cities of Macedon. I end with some speculations on Antigonus’s finances.","PeriodicalId":285658,"journal":{"name":"The Making of a King","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114891064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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