D. J. Barros, M. S. Bento, M. D. S. Ferreira, J. Carmo, R. H. Toppa, V. Neu, M. Varesche, P. B. Morais, A. A. Navarrete
{"title":"Methane, Microbes and Models in Amazonian Floodplains: State of the Art and Perspectives","authors":"D. J. Barros, M. S. Bento, M. D. S. Ferreira, J. Carmo, R. H. Toppa, V. Neu, M. Varesche, P. B. Morais, A. A. Navarrete","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90247","url":null,"abstract":"Amazon floodplain ecosystems include open water and intermittent flood forest and agricultural systems with different water types. They are a significant natural source of methane (CH4) in the tropics. When soils are flooded and become anoxic, CH4 is produced by methanogenesis, while microbially mediated aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of CH4 serves as the primary biological sink of this greenhouse gas. Measurements of rates and controls on CH4 production and emission in the Amazon basin mainly come from studies on individual wetlands and floodplain lakes. Similarly, microbial communities in those Amazon floodplain habitats have been studied on individual lakes based on sequence-specific DNA analysis. Existing biogeochemical ecosystem models of CH4 from the Amazon floodplains focus on soil properties or involve factors such as pH, redox potentials, or substrates. None of these models incorporate appropriate seasonal inundation; neither the microbiota does it as a component. In this sense, our chapter will highlight how the important efforts already contributed to understand the CH4 emission and its connections with abiotic and biotic factors in Amazon floodplains, as well as emphasize the need of encouraging cooperation and exchange of experience between research teams by using different approaches and scientific methods.","PeriodicalId":283149,"journal":{"name":"Changing Ecosystems and Their Services","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131632904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic Habitat Degradation Due to Shipping in the Indian Ocean Region","authors":"Arnab Das","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90108","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is strategically emerging as the most important sea area in the twenty-first century and presents itself as a hub for maritime trade. The shipping traffic both due to merchant and naval vessels has increased manifold. The underwater radiated noise (URN) from marine vessels interferes with the perception of the marine ecosystem by the big whales, leading to acoustic habitat degradation. The global increase in the low-frequency ambient noise due to shipping is known to have doubled every decade, since the preindustrial era based on records available since the 1950s. The IOR has unique characteristics, in terms of geopolitical, socioeconomical, acoustical (tropical littoral waters) and more. The regulatory framework for managing the acoustic habitat degradation in the IOR will require understanding the unique challenges and opportunities. The frequent stranding of big whales in recent times is a manifestation of the severe acoustic habitat degradation in the region and demands urgent measures to be initiated. This chapter attempts to present the multiple dimensions of acoustic habitat degradation due to shipping in the IOR. Effective underwater domain awareness (UDA) framework proposed by the author could provide a comprehensive way forward to contain the noise pollution caused by increasing URN levels.","PeriodicalId":283149,"journal":{"name":"Changing Ecosystems and Their Services","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127624893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Economic Valuation and Mapping of Pollination Services in Ethiopia","authors":"D. W. Mulatu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.87058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87058","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing degree of attention is being given to pollination ecosystem service. It has become a commonly mentioned example of how ecosystem services are economically valuable due to its linkage to the world food production. A notable bio-economic approach is applied to estimate the economic value of pollination and the production value loss attributable due to a decline in pollinator using the Ethiopian Annual Agricultural Sample Surveys (AgSS) data for the period 2003-2013. We are aiming to fill the research and knowledge gap with respect to spatial and temporal variation of economic valuation and mapping of pollination services in developing countries, by taking Ethiopia as an example. Result indicated that the mean economic value of pollination is about US$81.3 million for this period. Our estimated crop vulnerability ratio was approximately 8.4%, and pollination service contributes about 4.2% of the total farm gate value. The spatial analysis of our estimates revealed discrete patterns of zonal level variation in Ethiopia. Estimates and spatial analyses of pollination values and vulnerabilities provide vital information to determine suitable pollinator management strategies at different institutional and ecological scales. Accordingly, our findings have policy and management implications on the potential benefit of addressing pollinator decline at local level.","PeriodicalId":283149,"journal":{"name":"Changing Ecosystems and Their Services","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134131692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Valuing Caribbean Biodiversity Knowledge","authors":"S. Mitchell, Kimani A Kitson-Walters, A. Mitchell","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89016","url":null,"abstract":"Valuing Caribbean biodiversity for health and wealth requires knowledge of the bioresource so as to better appreciate the myriad of uses and services it provides. Increasing the knowledge base provides increasingly accurate valuation, which hopefully will lead to better management and sustainable use of this biodiversity. The Caribbean region comprises 229,540 km2 of land (only 10% of which is still in original forest cover) and 2,754,000 km2 of ocean. In the region there are about 13,000 identified plant species of which 205 genera and 6500 species are endemic. The marine area, with a maximum depth of 7686 m, includes the world's second largest barrier reef. It is estimated that the region has 25.6% marine endemic species. Multiple uses have been found for both terrestrial and marine organisms of the Caribbean. Mass extinctions have occurred for Peoples, associated traditional knowledge, terrestrial and marine biodiversity. Sea level rise and increasing temperature are global problems that threaten this area. All this information cannot be covered in one chapter so this review, based on a wide range of publications including our own research, is to raise awareness of these issues and the need to know more while suggesting solutions for discussion.","PeriodicalId":283149,"journal":{"name":"Changing Ecosystems and Their Services","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127168548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Uwagbae, A. Dirisu, T. Gbarakoro, Eman I. El Surtasi, J. E. Agwu, M. Aisien, J. Rotimi
{"title":"Impact of Disturbances on the Biodiversity of Ijala-Ikeren Wetland Ecosystem in Niger Delta","authors":"M. Uwagbae, A. Dirisu, T. Gbarakoro, Eman I. El Surtasi, J. E. Agwu, M. Aisien, J. Rotimi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82604","url":null,"abstract":"An assessment of Ijala-Ikeren wetland in the Niger Delta of Nigeria was conducted for 9 months for biodiversity data comprising flora and specific aquatic fauna (amphibians and insects) in order to inventorise the species and ecosystem and to ascertain the effects of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on the wetland ecosystem. Five sites comprising three sites within the mangrove swamp and two ponds at the fringes of the mangrove ecosystem were sampled. Data collection methods include insect and amphibian sampling, and a few abiotic data. Empirical data on fish fauna was also obtained from fishermen. The pH value of the sampled sites in the mangrove ranged between 4.7 and 6.1, while temperature ranged from 28 to 29°C. Red mangrove species (Rhizophora sp.) and few species of white mangrove (Avicennia sp.) were dominant plants. Only three insect species from three families were encountered and thirteen species of amphibians from three families were only encountered in ponds at the fringes of the wetland. Amphibians had the highest value of species richness index (d) (2.75) and diversity index (H´) (2.08). The acidic pH values maybe attributed to the influx of effluent from the Warri refinery about 2.5 km away and the low insect diversity is due to the salinity.","PeriodicalId":283149,"journal":{"name":"Changing Ecosystems and Their Services","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130562092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomimicry, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for a Dynamic Climate Change Management Policy Regime","authors":"V. Mjimba, G. Sibanda","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.84406","url":null,"abstract":"The adverse impacts of climate change are not always immediately discernible. Managing the impacts of this dynamic phenomenon demands an equally dynamic policy regime instead of the traditional and often static policy response mechanisms. The traditional policy responses are often a result of long consultative processes sometimes stretching over several years. Frequently, this generates obsolete policy responses. In this chapter, we propose the development of a dynamic policy and legislation formulation and implementation system that respond to dynamic disturbances such as climate change. The proposal draws from natural systems that have been constantly evolving over aeons. The proposed approach uses the systems lens of biomimicry positing that lessons from natural systems can be mimicked using models that rely on artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor changes through analysing and learning from Big Data and utilising rapid feedback loops to subsequently self-improve policy response mechanisms. Hypothetically under this approach, some key indicators for climate change and related hazards, exposure, risks and vulnerability can be tracked and material policy changes automatically made to appropriately to mitigate and/or adapt to climate change thus avoiding the pitfalls of the traditional protracted policy change routes.","PeriodicalId":283149,"journal":{"name":"Changing Ecosystems and Their Services","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117238830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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