SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students最新文献

Ear, nose and throat 耳朵，鼻子和喉咙

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1201/9780429084096-9

Anna Kowalewski

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Hepatobiliary 肝胆管的

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/b14497-11

Anna Kowalewski

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Trauma 创伤

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/9780429084096-11

Anna Kowalewski

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Urology 泌尿外科

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/9780429084096-7

Anna Kowalewski

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Orthopaedics 整形外科

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/9781315384481-17

Anna Kowalewski

{"title":"Orthopaedics","authors":"Anna Kowalewski","doi":"10.1201/9781315384481-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315384481-17","url":null,"abstract":"Orthopaedic surgery is a large and expanding speciality. There are approximately five million clinic attendances each year in this country and musculo-skeletal complaints are the commonest presentation in General Practice. This review examines three key areas within orthopaedics, fracture management, sports medicine and the new subspeciality of minimally invasive orthopaedics and highlights areas of recent advancement, significant research and ongoing debate. FRACTURE MANAGEMENT Hip Fractures Around 60,000 patients are treated for hip fractures each year in the UK and the incidence is increasing (1).The majority are elderly, many have extensive co-morbidity and their treatment can often be surgically challenging and their post-operative recovery both lengthy and costly. Prevention The identification of risk factors is an important part of preventing these injuries. A case-control study from Belgium found that the greatest risk factor was the patient’s self-perceived safety of their residence (2). If subjects thought that their residence was unsafe in which to perform the activities of daily living, this was associated with a sixfold increase in hip fracture risk. The risk was also increased after any two previous fractures, or any tendency to fall within the past year or the chronic use of psychotropic drugs. The ability to read a newspaper was protective.The predictive nature of previous fractures has been confirmed by a study from Edinburgh (3) which calculated the risk of refracture after a low-energy fracture (ie one that results from a fall from or below standing height), to be 3.89, hence the necessity for preventive measures. Hip fracture prevention strategies such as fall prevention programs, weight-bearing and resistance exercises, hip protectors and use of calcium and vitamin D can all reduce hip fracture risk (2,4). Surgery Traditionally, intracapsular hip fractures have been treated by hemiarthroplasty whilst extracapsular fractures undergo internal fixation. The different strategies are based upon the relatively increased risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after intracapsular fracture, although this didactic division is now coming under renewed scrutiny. Rogmark et al conducted a prospective, randomised trial comparing internal fixation against hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of Garden 3 or 4 (See Box 1) subcapital fractures in 409 patients aged 70 or over (5). Two years after surgery, 43% of the internal fixation procedures had failed compared to only 6% of the hemiarthroplasties. The internal fixation group were also more likely to have impaired walking (36% v 25%) and severe pain (6% v 1.5%) compared to those who had hemiarthroplasty.There was no difference in mortality. The same authors conducted a further study including patients who were at least 80 years old, had evidence of dementia or were resident in a nursing home or other institution (6), most of whom were excluded from the previous trial. 103 patients with","PeriodicalId":280126,"journal":{"name":"SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students","volume":"361 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115432813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Gastroenterology 胃肠病学

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/9780429084096-2

Anna Kowalewski

{"title":"Gastroenterology","authors":"Anna Kowalewski","doi":"10.1201/9780429084096-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429084096-2","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) constitutes a substantial risk factor for colorectal cancer. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a protein that forms gap junction (GJ) complexes involved in intercellular communication, and its expression is altered under pathological conditions, such as IBD and cancer. Recent studies have implicated epigenetic processes modulating DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of diverse inflammatory and malignant diseases. The ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET-2) enzyme catalyzes the demethylation, hence, regulating the activity of various cancer-promoting and tumor-suppressor genes. downregulating gap junctional protein Cx43, and in colon tissues from mice exposed to CBX. These results suggest that TET-2 expression levels, as well as Cx43 expression levels, are modulated in models of intestinal inflammation. We hypothesize that TET-2 may demethylate genes involved in inflammation and tumorigenesis, such as Cx43, potentially contributing to intestinal inflammation and associated carcinogenesis. reduced gap junction-mediated intercellular communication and 43 (Cx43)]. The involvement of the demethylating enzyme ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET-2) (methylcytosine dioxygenase) in the inflammatory process has motivated the investigation of Cx43 and TET-2 expression in colitis and colorectal carcinoma. In vitro and in vivo data report on the upregulation of Cx43 in inflammatory states and a downregulation of TET-2. In human samples of colon adenocarcinoma, both TET-2 and Cx43 were downregulated, potentially implicating them in the malignant transformation of inflamed intestinal tissues. transcriptional levels in colon tissues from patients with IBD[53].The present study examined the expression of Cx43 and TET-2 in an in vitro model of colon epithelium, where HT-29 cells were used in their parental state or with upregulated or knocked-out Cx43 in the presence or absence of inflammation (induced by DSS or by the addition of an inflammatory medium). A DSS-induced colitis murine model was used to describe how inflammation modulates the expression of Cx43 and TET-2. Data were then compared to Cx43 and TET-2 expression levels in tissues obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis or sporadic colorectal cancer. this that in the intestinal cell line to of In in","PeriodicalId":280126,"journal":{"name":"SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125344481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Vascular 血管

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3361-5.50051-6

Anna Kowalewski

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Neck 脖子

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1201/9780429084096-10

Anna Kowalewski

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Hernias 疝

SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-47778-9.50105-7

Anna Kowalewski

引用次数: 0