Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0009
L. Moland
{"title":"Subjectivity in Retreat","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Modern subjectivity is difficult to capture in art’s sensuous media. Painting is the first of Hegel’s individual arts to attempt this challenge. Christian painting especially, Hegel claims, is able to depict spirit’s disappearance into a human’s sense of interiority. It does so by cancelling sculpture’s third dimension and by evoking particularly subjective emotions such as love and bliss. Hegel sides with those who define painting’s essence as based in color rather than drawing. He praises masters of color such as Titian and Correggio as well as Dutch genre painting and still lifes for achieving maximum effect. This chapter also considers ways Hegel’s theory of painting can be extended to contemporary, non-representational painting.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127410496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0012
L. Moland
{"title":"Embodied Reconciliation","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Hegel’s analysis of poetry’s genres begins with epic poetry, which is the action-based articulation of a nation’s dawning self-awareness. Lyric poetry, by contrast, allows poets to express their deepest subjectivity and interpret the world through their own experience. Drama brings action back into art, allowing actors themselves to emerge as artists and correcting for the vanishing subjectivity in painting and music. Drama also incorporates the two other poetic genres, as well as the other arts. Because it achieves these syntheses, it is, according to Hegel, the highest art. Hegel gives special consideration to tragedy and comedy, assessing both in their ancient and modern forms. His conclusion is that although both subgenres are more difficult to achieve in the modern world, successful examples are possible, ensuring that poetry will continue. With these poetic subgenres, the individual arts reach their conceptual end.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128711816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0010
L. Moland
{"title":"The Sound of Feeling","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Music is the most subjective of the arts and is, in Hegel’s view, intimately linked to the self’s feeling of itself. We experience ourselves through time, and music—through rhythm, harmony, and melody—allows us to sense time. Hegel associates music with feeling that is not linked to content: it allows us to feel sadness, for instance, without being sad about a particular thing. Music can also elevate our emotions and allow us to transcend them. Hegel considers the relative value of independent music and music with text, concluding that while independent music may achieve music’s highest developmental potential, it can become less capable of evoking feeling and so fail to fulfill music’s essential task. This chapter also considers contemporary music in light of Hegel’s theory.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115914212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0008
L. Moland
{"title":"Individuality Embodied","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"While architecture simply houses the spiritual, sculpture shows spirit embodied in physical form. Hegel claims that the human body can uniquely express this perfect interpenetration and that it does so most effectively in the still, reposed sculptures of fifth-century BCE Greece. He argues that marble best captures skin tones and so is sculpture’s most appropriate material. Once statues begin to depict action, however, sculpture’s perfect interpenetration is disrupted. Sculpture then disintegrates into less perfect forms, including figures that attempt to depict emotion and sculpture that is simply decorative. This chapter also considers how Hegel’s theory can be applied to non-representational sculpture and contemporary evocations of imperfect bodies.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117038977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0005
L. Moland
{"title":"Romantic Art","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"On Hegel’s view, Christianity’s radical claim that God has appeared in a human body and in historical time revolutionizes humans’ attitude toward the divine. This development has serious consequences for art. Since myths are no longer the source of religion, art becomes superfluous. But it continues in ways that confirm humans’ growing sense of subjectivity. In early Christian paintings, we see intensely interior gazes, signaling a new depth of self within each human. In chivalric poetry, knights fight for increasingly secular goals. In Shakespeare’s plays, characters act on their own subjective aims rather than divine commands. In Hegel’s own generation, romantic novels celebrate everyday humans pursuing domestic quests, a development that Hegel warns will lead art to end in prose.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115536802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0003
L. Moland
{"title":"Symbolic Art","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Symbolic art is the first of Hegel’s particular art forms. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Hegel conceptualized symbolic art as its own aesthetic sphere, distinct from classical and romantic art. This emphasis built on new research on “Oriental” cultures among several of his contemporaries such as Friedrich Creuzer, August Wilhelm Schlegel, and Wilhelm von Humboldt. Hegel distinguishes early, incomplete phases of symbolic art, such as unconscious and fantastical symbolism, from Egyptian art as the symbolic “as such.” He then traces the dissolution of symbolic art through the sublime and “conscious symbolism” such as fables, analogies, and parables. He concludes by indicating symbolic art’s prosaic ends in descriptive and didactic poetry.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131538020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0006
L. Moland
{"title":"The Dissolution and Future of the Particular Arts","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"As the romantic age progresses, humans’ increasing sense of themselves as the source of normativity is reflected in art. Finally, anything of human concern can become art: a fact reflected in Dutch genre painting, still lifes, and the development of humor. As a new aesthetic form during Hegel’s lifetime, humor denoted gentle amusement at human eccentricities and foibles, as expressed by characters in Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Hegel is sharply critical of “subjective humorists,” such as Jean Paul Richter, who think anything to do with their subjectivity can be art, but he defines an “objective humor,” achieved by Goethe, Petrarch, and Shakespeare, that allows subjectivity to emerge from deeper engagement with the world. At the end of romantic art, the particular art forms reach their conceptual end: no further development of their concept is possible.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130172129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0011
L. Moland
{"title":"The Language of Inner Imagination","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike sculpture’s use of marble or painting’s use of color, poetry, according to Hegel, uses inner images as its material. In using words to evoke these inner images, poetry enables us to recognize them as jointly produced human creations: as having a history, cultural nuances, and evolving social significance. Through poetry, that is, humans can pause to consider their own concepts through the words they themselves jointly invent to signify those concepts. Poetry allows us, then, to become aware of our own minds. Hegel traces the development of poetry and then its evolution into prose. Modern poetry, he suggests, must overcome prose through a combination of word choice, meter, and rhyme scheme. It can fail to be art if it is too didactic or too florid. It also ceases to be art if it becomes too philosophical. At that point, poetry reaches its conceptual end.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129912729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-08-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0004
L. Moland
{"title":"Classical Art","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Hegel claims that the human body is the only physical form that can fully embody the divine. Classical Greek artists perfectly depicted this embodiment in their mythology and statues. Hegel traces the emergence of the human out of earlier evocations of nature as the divine and argues that the perfect repose of Phidian sculpture represents the complete interpenetration of spirit and nature. But once human subjectivity begins to develop, it ruptures this unity and precipitates classical art’s decline. Aristophanes, Hegel claims, achieved a late example of classical perfection in his comedies. But soon afterward, classical art dissolves into incomplete forms such as satire, domestic comedy, and merely pleasant sculpture. After this decline, art will never again achieve the highest level of beauty or regain its prominence in human culture.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115251086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hegel's AestheticsPub Date : 2019-08-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0002
L. Moland
{"title":"Truth and Beauty","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190847326.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides the framework for Hegel’s philosophy of art within his philosophical system, as found in Part I in his lectures on aesthetics. It describes art’s place as one moment of Absolute Spirit and discusses Hegel’s definition of beauty as the “sensible appearance of the Idea.” It recounts theories of art Hegel dismisses and then turns to the general components he claims art must have. Together, these components—for instance setting, situation, action, and character—allow humans to experience truth sensuously. When they fail, they contribute to ways that art can end. Finally, Hegel discusses aspects of the artistic process such as genius, inspiration, and originality.","PeriodicalId":278564,"journal":{"name":"Hegel's Aesthetics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124649733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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