{"title":"Adjuvant Systemic Treatment in Hormone Receptor Positive, HER2 Negative Breast Cancer","authors":"F. Sen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76578","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of adjuvant systemic therapy led to a significant improvement in postsurgical survival and a reduction in disease relapse. Approximately 75–80% of all breast cancers are hormone-dependent based on the presence of ER and/or PR on tumor cells. Patients with HR+ breast cancer less than 5 mm and treated with only endocrine therapy have usually very good prognosis. They typically are not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. The patients with stage III HR+ breast cancer still require adjuvant chemotherapy since they carry high risk of recurrence without chemotherapy. Many patients with HR+ HER2 negative breast cancer fall in between these two categories, and they are called as intermediate risk group based on clinicopathological variables, genomic tests or online risk calculators. The minimum duration of adjuvant endocrine treatment is 5 years; however, patients with high risk factors including positive lymph node should be treated with the endocrine therapy up to 10 years either with tamoxifen alone or sequentially with aromatase inhibitors (AI) in postmenopausal women. Adjuvant bisphosphonates reduce bone recurrence and improve survival in postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129515821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sahran, Ashwaq Qasem, K. Omar, DheebAlbashih, Afzan Adam, S. N. H. S. Abdullah, AziziAbdullah, R. I. Hussain, F. Ismail, N. Abdullah, S. H. M. Pauzi, Nurdashima Abd Shukor
{"title":"Machine Learning Methods for Breast Cancer Diagnostic","authors":"S. Sahran, Ashwaq Qasem, K. Omar, DheebAlbashih, Afzan Adam, S. N. H. S. Abdullah, AziziAbdullah, R. I. Hussain, F. Ismail, N. Abdullah, S. H. M. Pauzi, Nurdashima Abd Shukor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79446","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses radio-pathological correlation with recent imaging advances such as machine learning (ML) with the use of technical methods such as mammography and histopathology. Although criteria for diagnostic categories for radiology and pathology are well established, manual detection and grading, respectively, are tedious and subjective processes and thus suffer from inter-observer and intra-observer variations. Two most popular techniques that use ML, computer aided detection (CADe) and computer aided diagnosis (CADx), are presented. CADe is a rejection model based on SVM algo- rithm which is used to reduce the False Positive (FP) of the output of the Chan-Vese segmentation algorithm that was initialized by the marker controller watershed (MCWS) algorithm. CADx method applies the ensemble framework, consisting of four-base SVM (RBF) classifiers, where each base classifier is a specialist and is trained to use the selected features of a particular tissue component. In general, both proposed methods offer alter native decision-making ability and are able to assist the medical expert in giving second opinion on more precise nodule detection. Hence, it reduces FP rate that causes over segmentation and improves the performance for detection and diagnosis of the breast cancer and is able to create a platform that integrates diagnostic reporting system. FP rate, upon segmentation, been by the developed SVM rejection model. The segmentation of the mass in mammogram","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131673690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endocrine and Cell Surface Receptor Signaling in Breast Carcinogenesis","authors":"I. Alanazi, Z. Khan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74679","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer- related death in female. To better understand the growth and progression as well as therapeutic management, breast cancers are grouped based on histopathological and molecular classification. A number of factors have been implicated in the development of breast cancer. Various cell surface as well as hormone receptor signaling play crucial role in breast cancer initiation and progression. This chapter briefly discusses few of the important receptor signaling pathways and the various strategies in practice as well as at different stages of development to target these pathways.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128661534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Caring of Breast Cancer Patient","authors":"Anggorowati Anggorowati","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75993","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is one of the biggest causes of mortality in some countries. Various condi- tions contribute to the incidence of breast cancer in either unmarried or married women. Caring in women with breast cancer is the key to successful treatment of breast cancer. The conditions patient when is diagnosed breast cancer, undergoing therapy, and after treatment are different, so caring on breast cancer can be divided into caring at the time of diagnosis, caring during therapy, and caring in follow-up therapy. The results obtained from caring of breast cancer increase survival of breast cancer patients.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"57 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120902822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Carcinogenesis and Clinical Reflections","authors":"N. Bulut","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.79622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79622","url":null,"abstract":"the options of oncoplastic surgery. The side effects of silicone implants and expanders used, mesh and autologous tissue reconstructions have been enriched with patient images.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123952709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oncoplastic Breast Surgery in the Treatment of Breast Cancer","authors":"J. Todd","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77955","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is one of the commonest cancers affecting women and oncoplastic breast sur - gery has been firmly established as the mainstay of modern surgical treatment, replacing the traditional two-operation approach. Careful patient selection, relevance of effective com - munication, patient education and navigating the complex decision-making process, are some of the topics covered in this chapter. Preoperative planning, implant selection, patient marking, importance of scar placement, marking and measuring the patient preoperatively, good theatre practice, technical tips for good cosmesis, and after care; are also discussed. A brief section on revision surgery following implant reconstruction, lipomodelling and a brief overview about breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) and multidisciplinary approach to modern management of breast cancer. It aims to serve as a guide to surgeons on current practice and achieving the ideal balance between oncological clearance of the cancer combined with good cosmesis and high levels of patient satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130015889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Clinical Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Early Breast Cancer","authors":"M. Banys-Paluchowski, F. Reinhardt, T. Fehm","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76117","url":null,"abstract":"Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are considered to be evading cancer cells that have been shed or actively invaded from the primary tumor into the blood circulation or lymphatic system and which may finally extravasate to found metastases. CTCs as “liquid biopsy” hold great promise to be a powerful non-invasive real-time measurable biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes and cancer treatment response. Several studies evaluated the role of CTC presence and count in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting of early breast cancer (EBC) and revealed their significant prognostic value. In this chapter, we highlight the clinical relevance of CTCs in early breast cancer (EBC) and state the urgency for further research in this field to definitely translate this marker from bench to bedside.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125094289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photodynamic Therapy, a Potential Therapy for Improve Cancer Management","authors":"H. Abrahamse, I. M. Tynga","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74697","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a mass of abnormal and detrimental cells in a given part of the body. The main elucidated cause is the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of those cells after the cor-ruption of the physiological processes responsible for normal development and func- tioning. The advantage of adjuvant therapy, therapy done after surgery, is to prevent the occurring of symptoms and not necessarily to make sure of the integrity of mecha- nisms that are crucial in preventing abnormal cell proliferation such cell cycle regula-tion, cell death, which include autophagy, necrosis, and apoptosis. The understanding of dysregulated cell death mechanisms combined with suitable alternative cancer therapies could lead to novel treatment modalities for cancer. Currently, breast cancer is the leading occurring cancer in sub-Saharan women after that of the cervix. This potentially curable condition kills more than half of the diagnosed group, which consists mainly of females aged between 35 and 49 years and with 77% being in stages III and IV. The social economic status of populations coupled with the limited access to proper control strategies and infrastructures in sub-Saharan regions accentuate the burden of the disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great potential in treating breast cancer and even greater therapeutic outcomes can be obtained when combining PDT with other therapies such as immunotherapy or nanomedicine.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115512303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Cisplatin and Calpain-1","authors":"S. Al-Bahlani, S. Al-Jaaidi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74657","url":null,"abstract":"Chemo-resistance of breast cancer is a major obstacle for successful treatment and is mainly represented as a defect in apoptosis. The differential effects of platinum-based drugs (PBDs) were assessed on breast cancer cell ultrastructure. Three representative cells, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), were treated with different con centrations and timings of cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. Changes on cell surface and ultrastructure were detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmis-sion electron microscope (TEM). In addition, using advanced techniques in molecular biology, we demonstrated that calpain-1 plays an essential role in modulating breast cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. We also showed that the correlation of its expression to the proliferating/apoptotic index using immunohistochemical staining in TNBC tissue was variable. Exploring new pathways will help in overcoming chemo- resistance in breast cancer cells.","PeriodicalId":272183,"journal":{"name":"Breast Cancer and Surgery","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126490629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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