{"title":"Same but Different","authors":"N. Denton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The associations between overall and regional fat mass with numerous health outcomes seem to transcend age, sex, and ethnicity, suggesting that they are underpinned by some common mechanisms. This chapter aims to make sense of these striking relationships by considering the macroscopic, cellular, and molecular processes operating within various anatomically distinct fat depots to help rationalize the complex relationship between regional fat accumulation and various aspects of metabolic, cardiovascular, and reproductive health. After outlining how fat depots around the body behave differently, the following section examines why this may be the case. This involves considering various phenomena, namely adipogenesis, gene expression, and epigenetics, that underpin the biological properties of adipocytes which aggregate to inform the behaviour of fat as a multi-cellular tissue.","PeriodicalId":266105,"journal":{"name":"Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat","volume":"407 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132647260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Defining Your Shape","authors":"N. Denton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Fat defines our body shape and our body shape often reflects our biological destiny. The regional distribution of fat emerges from the complex interplay between many players, particularly hormones, genetics, and epigenetics. Several external factors can shift this dynamic balance though, such as exercise or drugs (by design or as an unintended side effect), whereas surgical interventions that modify regional fat mass can have good, bad, or ugly consequences. This chapter draws upon the concepts introduced in previous chapters to understand how a number of different factors and interventions influence body fat distribution and considers the associated health consequences.","PeriodicalId":266105,"journal":{"name":"Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114629798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Brief History of Body Shape","authors":"N. Denton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Like the vast numbers of other organisms that roam, or have roamed, the earth, the modern human represents a finely honed tool—one forged through millennia as it struggled to survive and thrive in more or less unaccommodating environments. Displaying the battle scars and winning strategies of its brutal, but ultimately triumphant battle against the elements, our bodies hold vast amounts of encrypted information that describe our biological lineage. In addition to the countless mechanisms that have evolved to support our existence, however, the human body is somewhat unique in that it exhibits striking permanent physiological differences that identify and define the sexes. The biology that arises from, and the social meanings attributed to, these physical features penetrate deep into the heart of what it means to be human, as well as a man or a woman. Before delving into the biology of fat, we must first therefore consider the history of body shape. This chapter begins by discussing several explanations for why the modern human body might have evolved the shape it has, and why the body differs between the sexes. Building from this foundation, it examines how societal attitudes toward body shape are ascribed and their shift over time.","PeriodicalId":266105,"journal":{"name":"Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132207814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Shape Is Healthy? Body Composition, Body Shape, and Health","authors":"N. Denton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Fat is one of the privileged few organs that has earned sufficient historic recognition for its importance to our well-being to be subject to routine inspection at home, in the clinic, and even the gym. We also tend to be very aware of how and where our clothes feel tight, whether we can squeeze comfortably into that economy seat on a plane or through that turnstile at the train station. But what do these feelings say about our health? Are we more in jeopardy if our gut is spilling over our belt, our bum is threatening to shred the seam of our trousers, or the scales are groaning under our weight? To obtain answers to such burning questions—answers which have implications that reach far beyond wardrobe malfunctions and uncomfortable travel—we must first understand techniques used to measure body composition and regional fat mass. Historically the preserve of a handful of enthusiastic experts, the colossal global burden of obesity and associated diseases has made accurate measurement of body composition and fat distribution a key research tool in the scientific and clinical arenas. This chapter reviews the various measurement techniques before examining the data they’ve generated on the striking yet complex relationship between body composition and fat distribution with health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":266105,"journal":{"name":"Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129883569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Does Fat Do?","authors":"N. Denton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Despite how much we may think and talk about fat in our lives and in society, we rarely take a moment to consider what it actually does. Contemplating the evolutionary history of fat is probably the last thing on someone’s mind when their trousers feel a bit tight. We love to hate fat, especially on our own bodies, but fat is not inherently bad. On the contrary, our hatred and fear is being directed at an ancient organ that is essential for life. Perpetually misunderstood, fat’s bad reputation derives from our preoccupation with the negative health effects associated with having too much of it. In order to succeed in the monolithic battle against obesity threatening the planet’s health and wealth, we must first understand fat itself, more specifically white adipose tissue, the major type of fat in the body. In order to understand the nature of fat, however, we must first consider energy metabolism more generally. The next section considers how the body handles fat, carbohydrate, and protein under various conditions to illustrate the central role that adipose tissue plays in our bodies each and every day.","PeriodicalId":266105,"journal":{"name":"Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133762172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"N. Denton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Fat is much more than a physical imperfection, practical inconvenience, or health risk. Instead, it is a fascinating, mysterious, and misunderstood tissue that represents an ancient link between energy metabolism, reproductive biology, immunity, appetite, and even thermoregulation. It also forms the foundation of the curves which define the archetypal human female and male body shapes, which have since enabled the human body to transcend mere physicality and become social, economic, and political barometers. Laden with increasingly complex, nuanced, and even paradoxical meanings, mounting evidence indicates that the amount and distribution of fat not only provide our body with a distinctive shape, but are also a strong determinant of our health. Adipose tissue carries many negative connotations due to the numerous ailments associated with having too much of it, but it is not inherently bad. On the contrary, it has a legacy that clearly indicates it is essential for life.","PeriodicalId":266105,"journal":{"name":"Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128554834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"I Can Get Fat Where? The Other Types of Fat","authors":"N. Denton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198865278.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the more obscure non-white types of adipose tissue present in the human body. The first and better-known type discussed is brown fat, which contributes to the regulation of body temperature as it burns (excess) calories to generate heat. The second section explores the biology of bone marrow fat, whose enigmatic behaviour in the context of starvation and obesity does little to help define its role. After considering the relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue, bone strength, and overall metabolic health, this chapter concludes by briefly reviewing other, lesser-known types of (white) fat (e.g., epicardial fat) and their potential contribution to human biology.","PeriodicalId":266105,"journal":{"name":"Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122578337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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