{"title":"Ivermectin: Potential Repurposing of a Versatile Antiparasitic as a Novel Anticancer","authors":"A. Dueñas-González, Mandy Juárez-Rodríguez","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99813","url":null,"abstract":"Drug repositioning is a alternative strategy to discover and develop anticancer drugs based on identification of new mechanisms of actions and indications for existing compounds. Ivermectin belongs to the avermectin group of compounds, a series of 16-membered macrocyclic lactone moieties discovered in 1967 and FDA-approved for human use since 1987. Ivermectin has since been used by millions of people worldwide, and have demonstrated a wide margin of clinical safety. Here we summarize the in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating ivermectin's potential as a multitargeting anticancer drug that exerts antitumor effects against different tumor types. Notably, the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of ivermectin are achieved at concentrations that can be clinically achieved based on human pharmacokinetic studies done in the clinical studies. Moreover, repurposed ivermectin safety has been well established recently in clinical studies against COVID-19. Consequently, we believe that ivermectin is an excellent potential candidate drug that can be repurposed for cancer and deserves rigorous evaluation against a variety of cancers in well-designed clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":266020,"journal":{"name":"Repurposed Drugs for Cancer [Working Title]","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134118810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Repurposing of Metformin as a Multifaceted and Multitasking Preventative and Treatment for Cancer","authors":"Raymond Chang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.96101","url":null,"abstract":"Metformin is a cornerstone treatment of diabetes mellitus. Since 2005 when it has been first reported to reduce the risk of cancer in diabetics, a large number of preclinical and clinical studies have implicated its potential role as a preventative and adjunct therapy for a broad range of cancers. Whereas preclinical studies demonstrate its actions on a multitude of molecular pathways involving nearly all aspects of cancer development including metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, immunity, epigenetics, inflammation and crosstalk with the microbiome, other studies demonstrate its synergism with a range of anticancer modalities including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Furthermore, an increasing number of clinical studies not only confirm its preventative properties against cancers but have extended its potential for a possible adjunctive role in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, maintenance and salvage therapies of cancer. This article intends to summarize the basic science that allows us to understand the complex multiple mechanisms of action of this remarkable multitasking molecule as well as review the recent meta-analyses that have summarized the clinical studies assessing the therapeutic efficacy of metformin for various cancers.","PeriodicalId":266020,"journal":{"name":"Repurposed Drugs for Cancer [Working Title]","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123161649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progesterone and Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator Mifepristone (RU-486) as Treatment for Advanced Cancers","authors":"J. Check, D. Check","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.93545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93545","url":null,"abstract":"The fetal placental unit has paternal proteins which would normally result in immune rejection of fetus. Thus, to allow growth to 266 days, the mother must develop immunosuppressive proteins, cytokines, etc. to allow progression to a full-term baby. One of these essential immunomodulatory proteins is called the progesterone induced blocking factor (PIBF). Probably, the mechanism involved allowing the progesterone receptor antagonist mifepristone to cause termination of a pregnancy is by blocking the PIBF protein. There is good evidence that cancerous tumors borrow some of the same mechanisms as the fetus to escape immune surveillance, including the PIBF protein. Research data suggest that this protein is made and excreted by embryonic cells, mesenchymal cells, and trophoblast cells of the fetal placental unit to block the killing effect of natural killer cells and T-cells in the fetal microenvironment. Cancer cells do the same. Indeed, there is good evidence that mifepristone, a drug approved for pregnancy termination, can significantly improve length and quality of life in patients with various advanced cancers.","PeriodicalId":266020,"journal":{"name":"Repurposed Drugs for Cancer [Working Title]","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126917589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}