Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6最新文献

{"title":"Incidence of Prostate Cancer at a Referral Centre in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana; A 10-Year Retrospective Study","authors":"Egote Alexander Kofi, Ossei Paul Peter Sampane, Ayibor William Gilbert, Egote Constance Amuzua","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cdhr/v6/6422d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cdhr/v6/6422d","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer is gradually reaching a very high incidence in Africa, especially in the Sub-Saharan region. The dearth of proper knowledge on prostate cancer and a variety of lifestyles has accounted for the high incidence rate in Ghana. Understanding the dynamics in occurrence of the disorder is one approach to developing effective public health programmes and interventions that will help curb the rising incidence. This study was aimed at reducing the paucity of data on prostate cancer by assessing the incidence, patterns and presentation in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. We sought to provide region-specific hardcore data that will help to assess the issue and provide remedies. All prostate disease cases recorded from the year 2009 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects from 40 years and above were eligible for screening. Diagnostic and screening tools for prostate cancer at the study site include family history, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, digital rectal examination, urological ultrasound scan and histopathology (biopsy). Age, PSA values and year of screening/diagnosis were also retrieved from patient folders/archived reports for the study. Histological findings and parameters considered in the study included diagnosis, carcinoma grading, perineural invasion (PNI) and percentage of affected tissues (%TA).  Prostate cancer cases were 369, representing 36.4% of the 1,014 prostate diseases studied. The highest annual prevalence was recorded in 2014 with 51 cases (13.8%). The ages of patients ranged from 46 to 101 years with a modal age range of 70 - 79 years and a mean ± SD of 72.2 ± 9.8. The mean PSA value recorded was 37.1ng/ml (±107.3) with predominance in the 11 - 20.9 ng/ml range. Grade group 2&3 cancers constituted the majority of prostate cancers, accounting for 149 (40.4%) of valid cases. There was a weak correlation (p = 0.091) between grade of prostate cancer and perineural invasion. 38.0% graded cancer cases had perineural invasion. There is a high incidence of prostate cancer in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana (32 per 100,000), predominantly advanced prostatic carcinoma. Reported cases also show high %TA (38.7%) and (38.0%)PNI. Early screening for prostate diseases should be encouraged to avoid progression to malignancy and public health interventions are needed to address some of these issues.","PeriodicalId":262704,"journal":{"name":"Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128195608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Documentation of Pediatric Surgery Experiences of a Tertiary Referral Hospital: International Classification of Diseases Spectrum for Teaching, Planning, and Scaling Up Services","authors":"Col Sunil Jain, Lt Col Naveen Chandra, C. R. K. Thapar","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cdhr/v6/7048d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cdhr/v6/7048d","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pediatric surgery provides the opportunity to intervene positively in a variety of disorders that can have a long-term impact. It becomes important to systematically analyze the features of & amp; facilities for Paediatric surgery at a referral hospital. \u0000Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of pediatric surgery under vast circumstances. \u0000Materials and Methods: All children aged 0–10 years who were operated in a tertiary care hospital were studied.The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-10)-WHO Version (2016) was used to group the cases, which included terminology from the ICD-11 Beta Draft. \u0000Results: “Developmental anomalies” made up 79.1% of the cases, while “acquired conditions requiring surgical intervention” made up 20.9%. The common congenital malformations were those of the genital organs (17%), followed by those of the digestive (13%) and nervous system (13%), urinary system (12%), circulatory system (8%), and cleft lip and palate (7%). Cleft lip and palate repair, as well as genital, digestive, nervous, urinary, and musculoskeletal system defects, should all be part of the essential surgery package for congenital anomalies. Referral to superspecialty center is required only for “congenital malformations of the circulatory system.” \u0000Conclusion: The majority of the workload (79.1%) is due to \"developmental abnormalities,\" indicating a need for expertise in repairing these, as well as restoring anatomy for optimal growth and physiological function. The essential surgery package for congenital anomalies at the second- and third-level hospitals should include expertise for anomalies of all systems. Inclusion of indirect inguinal hernia in the Chapter 20 ‘Developmental anomalies’ (ICD-11) will contribute to correct international comparisons and guide planning.","PeriodicalId":262704,"journal":{"name":"Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115479852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation and Assessment of the Effects of Insecticide-Treated Livestock Protective Fences (LPF) for Protecting Humans from Anthropophilic Mosquitoes and Malaria Transmission in a Suburb of Kumasi in the Forest Zone of Ghana","authors":"A. Abonuusum, K. Owusu-Daaku, A. Benjamin, B. Bauer, R. Garms, T. Kruppa","doi":"10.9734/bpi/cdhr/v6/1292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cdhr/v6/1292","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter investigats whether a 100 cm high livestock protective fence (LPF), effectively protects humans against anthropophilic mosquitoes (mosquitoes that are attracted to and bite human beings) and hence malaria.  In order to do this, four experimental segregated, half-roofed shelters with concrete floors, were constructed. Each shelter measured 6m x 7m and each was separated from the other by 500m. Then, each shelter was fenced by a 100cm high chicken wire. However, only one of them was enclosed by an LPF, on the chicken wire, at a time. This experimental investigation was done on a Cattle Farm called Boadi Cattle Farm by Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), a research centre in Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. The duration of the experiment was four weeks. Mosquitoes were caught by human landing catches (human beings sitting down as baits to attract and catch mosquitoes) twice a week. Two groups of two mosquito collectors (catchers) worked at each of the four shelters during the same night; one group collected from 18.00 hours to midnight, the second group from midnight to 6.00 hours. One mosquito collector sat and collected inside the shelter as the other sat and collected outside of it at a distance of about 20m. Altogether 6118 mosquitoes were collected, of which 773 Anopheles gambiae, 11 A. funestus, 874 A. ziemanni and 4460 Culicinae. Analysis of the number of mosquitoes caught in the shelters shows that there was no  significant decrease  (P = 0.30) in the number of A. ziemanni entering the shelters which were enclosed with LPF compared to the number of the same type of mosquito (A. ziemanni) entering shelters that were not enclosed by the LPF. However, there was a significant (P = 0.0003) decrease in the numbers of culicines entering the shelters with LPF compared to the number of the same mosquito type (culicines) entering shelters that were not enclosed by the LPF. However, significantly more A. gambiae, the most efficient malaria vector, rather entered the LPF fenced shelters than in shelters that were not fenced with the LPF (P = 0.0008)! Again, analysis of the hourly biting activities of A. gambiae revealed that at Boadi, most of them come out to bite between 0100 and 0400. However, at two different locations in a town called Anwomaso, 0.7 and 1.3 km northeast of one of the shelters in Boadi, most of the same A. gambiae mosquitoes came out to bite people at 11.00 hours and 0300 respectively! Plasmodium falciparum infections were detected in only 1% of A. gambiae but not in A. ziemanni. All 47 A. gambiae s.l. randomly selected and tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were identified as A. gambiae s.s. Therefore, we conclude that the LPF protects human beings against some mosquitoes like the culicines and A. ziemanni but not the malaria vector, A. gambiae.","PeriodicalId":262704,"journal":{"name":"Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116881429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}