Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0008
I. Somin
{"title":"The Foot-Voting Constitution","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains how constitutional systems can be structured to maximize opportunities for foot voting, while mitigating potential downsides. Foot voting can be expanded by limits on central government power, strong federal systems (including autonomy for local as well as regional governments), guarantees of freedom of movement, and a variety of constitutional individual rights. Internal foot voting can also be augmented by incentivizing competition between subnational governments. International foot voting can be facilitated by constitutional limitations on central governments’ authority to restrict immigration. Constitutions can also help ensure that governments at all levels are able to use keyhole solutions to address potential downsides of migration. 82","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133366944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0004
I. Somin
{"title":"Foot Voting and International Migration","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers ways in which foot voting through international migration enhances political freedom. The potential benefits are greater than those of any other type of foot voting because of the vast differences in quality between different national governments. Expanding international foot-voting opportunities is literally a matter of life and death for millions. For the hundreds of millions who live in undemocratic nations, international migration is the only feasible mechanism for political choice. Free migration throughout the world could potentially double world GDP and vastly increase freedom of all kinds. The chapter addresses claims that the effectiveness of international foot voting is undermined by factors such as moving costs and inequality. These are real problems, but much can be done to mitigate them.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127383509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0007
I. Somin
{"title":"Problems and Keyhole Solutions","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses claims that expanded foot voting—particularly through international migration—must be prevented because it would have various negative side effects. These include negative effects on public policy, the spread of harmful cultural values, displacement of workers, burdens on the welfare state, increased crime and terrorism, and damage to the environment. The chapter outlines a three-part framework for dealing with such objections: (1) determine how severe the problem really is, (2) use “keyhole” solutions (fixes that do not require migration restrictions) to mitigate it, if necessary and (3) tap the vast wealth created by migration to mitigate negative side effects that are not susceptible to keyhole solutions.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133266771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0009
I. Somin
{"title":"Implications for International Law and Global Governance","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains the implications of the book’s arguments for international law and governance. Foot voting can be strengthened by expanding refugee status to cover a broader category of victims of oppression, increasing the range of people who can use foot voting to escape the tyranny of repressive regimes; they would qualify as “refugees” under international law and thus cannot be forcibly returned to their countries of origin. On the other hand, we should be wary of plans for world government and strong “global governance” as these could create a government that turns out be repressive, or even totalitarian, one from which there is no exit and thus no possibility of escape through foot voting.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124841437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0006
I. Somin
{"title":"Foot Voting and Self-Determination","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter critiques claims that foot voting undermines the “self-determination” of current inhabitants of destination jurisdictions, who therefore must have a right to exclude migrants. It addresses both claims that ethnic or cultural groups have exclusive rights to control various territories, and more individualistic self-determination theories, such as those that analogize nations to homeowners and private clubs. The chapter also rebuts arguments to the effect that migrants’ home countries have a right to prevent them from leaving, based on a duty to develop your “own” nation and avoid “brain drain.” The chapter explains how these standard justifications for a right to exclude international migrants would, if applied consistently, also justify imposing severe restrictions on domestic mobility and civil liberties.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132725324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0002
I. Somin
{"title":"How Foot Voting Outperforms Ballot Box Voting","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains the advantages of foot voting over ballot box voting as a mechanism of political choice. The big ones are the ability to make a decision that makes a difference, and stronger incentives to become well-informed. These translate into important advantages from the standpoint of several leading theories of political freedom, including consent, negative freedom, positive freedom, and non-domination. The relative merits of foot voting are not affected by the availability of political participation beyond voting, such as activism or lobbying. They are also not negated by claims that foot-voting decisions are selfish in nature, or not truly “political.” The gap is similarly unlikely to be closed by efforts to promote greater democratic deliberation.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"34 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132540105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0005
I. Somin
{"title":"Foot Voting in the Private Sector","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains how foot voting in the private sector can expand political freedom. Some 69 million Americans currently live in private planned communities, and such arrangements can offer better and more diverse foot-voting opportunities than public jurisdictions alone. This type of foot voting is not as clearly “political” as others, but it still enhances political freedom in the sense that it provides an alternative to the government. Much can be done to increase the availability of private planned communities, including for the poor. The chapter also addresses claims that private sector foot voting does not qualify as genuine political choice, that it can only benefit the affluent, and that it has severe limitations of scale.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125219602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0003
I. Somin
{"title":"Foot Voting and Federalism","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains how foot voting in a federal system enhances political freedom. Foot voting between various regional and local governments provides extensive opportunities for political choice, particularly for the poor and disadvantaged. Opportunities for foot voting can be augmented by decentralizing functions of government, and breaking down obstacles to mobility. The chapter also responds to claims that foot voting under federalism is likely to be ineffective because of moving costs, “races to the bottom,” discrimination against minority groups, and inequality. These problems are overstated, amenable to a variety of fixes, or some combination of both. Some issues are so large-scale that they can only be addressed by national governments, thereby making it difficult to effectively decentralize power over them. But such cases are unusual.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134187524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free to MovePub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0010
I. Somin
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054588.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion summarizes key points of the book and also discusses prospects for expanded foot voting in the future. Modern technology can make foot voting easier and more effective than ever before. There are many policy measures that could incrementally expand foot-voting opportunities, both domestically, and internationally. In addition, increasing tolerance and cosmopolitanism among younger voters in the United States and Europe suggests that political obstacles to expanded migration rights may diminish over time. At the same time, growing xenophobic nationalism poses a significant threat to foot voting, as does the rise of restrictive zoning and other obstacles to internal migration.","PeriodicalId":262560,"journal":{"name":"Free to Move","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116527590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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