{"title":"Hypoxia Signaling in Cardiovascular Diseases","authors":"N. Gupta, M. Ashraf","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80456","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and thrombosis remain a global health burden. Understanding the mechanism of these diseases paves the way for development of prophylactics/therapeutics. It is well known at cellular levels; the pathophysiology of most of the cardiovascular disease involves a complicated yet coordinated signaling networks triggered in response to either cellular or tissue levels of hypoxic milieu. Information related to types of hypoxia and signaling mechanism associated to such complications if complied and presented in a comprehensive manner shall prove relevant in proposing common therapeutic targets for wide array of cardiovascular complications. The relative functional roles of hypoxia-triggered signaling pathways are also an area of current research. Based upon these facts, this chapter discusses the types of hypoxia and role of hypoxia-mediated signaling pathways in various types of commonly occurring cardiovascular disorders.","PeriodicalId":262136,"journal":{"name":"Hypoxia and Anoxia","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123880419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shrilaxmi Bagali, Gavishsidappa A. Hadimani, M. S. Biradar, Kusal K Das
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Primary Concept of Hypoxia and Anoxia","authors":"Shrilaxmi Bagali, Gavishsidappa A. Hadimani, M. S. Biradar, Kusal K Das","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80270","url":null,"abstract":"Hypoxia is a pathological condition classified as generalized hypoxia and tissue hypoxia. It is well known that arterial oxygen saturation is a part of the normal physiology. A disparity between oxygen supply and its demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic condition. Hypoxia in which there is complete deprivation of oxygen supply is referred to as anoxia. Hypoxia belongs to the most grave factors that can directly impair the function of metabolic pathways in the animal cell. These studies dealt mostly with changes in the structure of pulmonary vessels. Normally, PO2 values of −100 Torr in the alveoli of the lungs to less than 10 Torr in tissues such as the medulla of the kidney and the retina in healthy humans are considered as the range of physiological oxygen levels within the tissues of the body [1]. Hypoxia, which occurs when oxygen levels in the microenvironment of a cell, tissue, or organism are reduced relative to the normal physiological state, is associated with a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes [2].","PeriodicalId":262136,"journal":{"name":"Hypoxia and Anoxia","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132751574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glycolysis Fermentative By-Products and Secondary Metabolites Involved in Plant Adaptation under Hypoxia during Pre- and Postharvest","authors":"C. Wongs-Aree, S. Noichinda","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80226","url":null,"abstract":"Floods inducing hypoxia (reduction of available O 2 ) in the plants are current major constrains for agricultural production. Oxygen deficiency in the plant cells induces the secondary response of anatomical and physiological modifications. Hypoxia triggers glycolysis fermentative pathway and other alternative pathways, when the plant lacks energy. During cultivation, some submerged plants can adapt themselves to survive by modifying some parenchyma cells in the roots to be aerenchyma cells to detain available oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, carbon sources in the cells will be accumulated in N store that recovers back to a C source at the end of hypoxia. In postharvest, long period in modified atmosphere storage could activate hypoxia in the plant parts that produce off-flavor perception. However, in some fruits at a particular maturity, etha -nol, a hypoxic product, can be modified into ethyl ester compounds as the detoxification. tolerant plants are depended on types of plants, maturities, and degrees of hypoxia. Plant defensive mechanisms under hypoxia are signaled mainly by increasing endogenous H 2 O 2 and/or ethylene, which are responsible for cascade controls of further endogenous hormones. The responses include an increase in cell wall lignification, different changes in cell wall component, and the production of hypoxic by-products such as fermentative mediate, N-store, and ethyl ester compounds.","PeriodicalId":262136,"journal":{"name":"Hypoxia and Anoxia","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126885220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}